7.3. Structure of the Courts: The Dual Court and Federal Court System

What is the term used to describe the state and federal court structure, which consists of two complete parallel court systems?

What is the minimum number of separate legal systems in the United States, accounting for the federal system and each of the fifty states?

According to Article III of the U.S. Constitution, which judicial body was explicitly established, and which branch of government was granted the power to create lower courts?

How many justices serve on the United States Supreme Court panel?

What is the name of the process by which the U.S. Supreme Court exercises its discretionary review over cases from lower courts?

What is the 'rule of four' in the context of the U.S. Supreme Court?

What is the total number of intermediate appellate courts, or U.S. Courts of Appeals, in the federal judicial system?

Which federal circuit court is identified as the largest in the system with 29 judgeships?

What is the primary role of the U.S. District Courts in the federal system?

U.S. District Courts are also known by what constitutional designation?

What are the legislatively-created courts in the federal system that do not have full judicial power and assist district court judges with pretrial proceedings?

What is the term of appointment for a federal magistrate judge?

Besides handling trials, U.S. District Court judges also perform an appellate-type function by reviewing what kind of petitions from state prisoners?

According to the 'Dual Court System Structure' chart, which federal court occupies the level of 'Trial Court of Limited Jurisdiction'?

What is the total number of judicial districts in the federal court system, which are served by U.S. District Courts and comprise the U.S. Courts of Appeals circuits?

What kind of jurisdiction does the U.S. Supreme Court have in rare situations, such as when one state sues another?

Appeals to the U.S. Courts of Appeals typically consist of panels of how many judges?

In what year did Congress pass the Federal Magistrate Act, which created the U.S. Magistrate Courts?

Which of the following is a key responsibility of U.S. Magistrate Judges under the Federal Magistrate Act?

What is the key difference between an 'Article I Court' like the U.S. Magistrate Courts and an 'Article III Court' like the U.S. District Courts?

How can a criminal case prosecuted in a state court potentially move to the federal court system?

In the federal system, what type of court hears challenges to decisions from U.S. District Courts?

How are judges for the U.S. District Courts, which are Article III courts, put into office?

Besides geography, some federal circuits have a specific type of jurisdiction. What is an example of a specialized case heard by the federal circuit with nationwide jurisdiction?

What is meant by an 'appeal of right' in the context of the federal court system?

When the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to hear a case, it delivers its final decision in what form?

Which federal courts are the primary trial courts where trials may involve a jury?

What is the smallest federal circuit court, with only six judgeships?

Historically, when did Congress create the separate federal appellate courts?

A writ of habeas corpus, which can be reviewed by a U.S. District Court, is a claim alleging what?

According to the Dual Court System Structure chart, what is the highest appellate court in the federal system?

What does it mean for the U.S. Supreme Court to sit 'en banc'?

The decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court have the broadest impact because they govern which judicial systems?

What factor often leads the U.S. Supreme Court to accept a case for review via a writ of certiorari?

What is the status of a case in a U.S. Court of Appeals after a three-judge panel has ruled, and a party requests an 'en banc' review?

How many U.S. District Courts does each state have?

In addition to pretrial proceedings and misdemeanor trials, what is another duty of a U.S. Magistrate Judge?

According to the text, the name for U.S. Magistrate Judges was changed from 'Magistrates' by the Judicial Improvement Act which took effect in what year?

Federal crimes created by Congress are prosecuted in which courts?

What is the reason given in the text for why Congress immediately created a lower federal court system in 1789?

In addition to the 50 state systems and the federal system, what other court systems are mentioned as existing in the U.S.?

What is one reason provided for why the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction cases are rare?

From which two primary sources do the U.S. Courts of Appeals hear challenges?

How is a U.S. District Court described by reference to its location?

What does the text identify as a consequence for a party who loses at the U.S. District Court level?

Approximately how many petitions for writ of certiorari are filed annually with the U.S. Supreme Court over the past ten years?

What is the approximate acceptance rate for cases filed for review with the U.S. Supreme Court?

Which court is responsible for hearing appeals from cases decided by the U.S. Court of International Trade?

What authority do U.S. Courts of Appeals have regarding trials and juries?

According to the text, what is the disposition of over one million matters by more than five hundred Magistrate Judges an indication of?