9.3. Probation

Who is considered the 'Father of Probation' for his work in the Boston courts during the 1840s and 1850s?

According to the text, probation is a form of what kind of sentence?

By the middle of which decade did all states in the U.S. have adult probation?

What is the term for the report prepared by a probation officer that provides a psycho-social workup of a person headed to trial?

Approximately what percentage of the time do judges follow the recommendations made in a Pre-Sentence Investigation (PSI) report?

The role of a probation officer is described as complex and 'diametrically opposing' because it involves balancing which two functions?

What is 'tourniquet sentencing' as described in the context of probation non-compliance?

What was the successful probation completion rate reported by the Bureau of Justice Statistics for the year 2016?

Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in which state?

What was the basic premise of the original Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) programs?

According to a large RAND Corporation study, how did the 3-year recidivism rates for control-centered ISPs compare to regular probation?

What is the core difference between Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) and regular probation?

What kind of violations did the RAND Corporation study find were higher for offenders in ISP compared to regular probation?

What profession did John Augustus, the 'Father of Probation,' have?

A Pre-Sentence Investigation (PSI) report includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Probation is described as a 'privilege' for which the offender must serve what in the community?

What is the recent movement within probation regarding the role of probation officers (POs)?

According to the text, what is the 'other primary function' of a probation officer besides supervising probationers?

The RAND Corporation study on ISP found that control-centered ISPs failed to produce which intended outcome?

What can a probation revocation hearing lead to, according to the text?

In the 1980s, a newer model of ISP was created in Georgia that placed more emphasis on what aspect?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a typical condition of probation?

What does the text identify as a primary reason for mixed reviews about probation success?

Probation's roots stem from concepts of common law from which country?

The caseload of a probation officer can vary from a few clients to how many?

What was a major finding of the RAND study regarding the effect of control-centered ISPs on prison overcrowding?

A person on ISP would likely meet with their PO how often, compared to once a month for regular probation?

John Augustus's work as a 'Surety' involved what primary activity?

What is one of the key factors that help decide if a person warrants probation, as identified in the discussion on community ties?

The text describes the job of a probation officer as being similar to what role, reflecting its complex nature?

Probation officers usually work directly for which level of government?

According to the text, convictions that place individuals on probation can include which types of offenses?

What is the primary reason the RAND study suggested there were higher amounts of technical violations in ISP programs?

Which of these is NOT listed as a reason for unsuccessful probation completion?

John Augustus continued his practice as a probation pioneer for how long?

The move from regular probation to ISP is often an example of what concept?

According to the text, probation is arguably the oldest and what of the intermediate sanctions?

What is one of the supportive actions a probation officer might take to help an individual succeed?

Early forms of Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) became less popular due to problems with which of their promised success measures?

A PSI report contains victim impact statements and what other historical information about the offender?

The study of ISPs across 14 cities and 9 states was conducted in conjunction with which organization?

How is probation different from a right, according to the text?

What is the typical frequency of drug screens for individuals on Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)?

The successful probation completion rate of 56 percent in 2016 was a decrease from rates in 2008-2013, which were reported as high as what?

The RAND study on ISP found that there were 'no significant differences' between ISP and regular probation in what area?

What does a probation officer's enforcement function include?

Probation lengths and conditions are described as what?

The text states that in early American courts, a person could be released on 'their own recognizance' if they promised to be responsible and do what?

Other studies of non-treatment oriented ISPs have produced findings similar to the RAND study, indicating what?

What is the primary purpose of allowing people to stay in the community on probation?