5.3. Pre-Classical Theory

According to Comte's theory on the progression of knowledge, which stage used supernatural or otherworldly powers to explain behaviors?

In the Middle Ages, what was the prevailing spiritual explanation for why a person would break the law or fail to conform to societal norms?

During the pre-classical era, how was crime viewed in relation to religious doctrine?

What was the basis for the government's moral authority to punish criminals during the pre-classical era?

What was the 'trial by battle' as a method of determining innocence in the pre-classical era?

In a 'trial by ordeal' during the Middle Ages, what was the expected outcome for an innocent person?

How is the system of punishments and justice in the pre-classical era characterized in the text?

In the pre-classical era, which factor was most influential in determining an individual's punishment?

Who was Auguste Comte, as described in the chapter?

What does the term 'epistemology', as used in the chapter's description of Comte's interests, refer to?

Which of Comte's stages of knowledge progression is characterized by the use of rational and logical arguments?

In the pre-classical view, what was the underlying assumption about the source of law?

Who was responsible for determining guilt in the pre-classical justice system described in the chapter?

What was the critical flaw in the pre-classical justice system regarding how punishment was assigned?

The final stage in Comte's framework for the progression of knowledge, which relies on positivism and scientific inquiry, is known as what?

What was the assumed outcome for the guilty party in a trial by ordeal?

The pre-classical era's reliance on trials by battle and ordeal demonstrates a belief in what force to reveal the truth?

Which of the following beliefs was central to the pre-classical understanding of crime and deviance?

What was the relationship between the state and God in the context of pre-classical justice?

The idea that 'only the victor is innocent' is the principle behind which pre-classical practice?

Which of these concepts was NOT a factor in determining punishment during the pre-classical era?

The pre-classical era described in the chapter aligns most closely with which of Comte's three stages of knowledge?

What term did the chapter use to describe the legal framework that assumed laws were God-given?

What does the text imply was the main problem with punishments being determined by a person's rank, status, and wealth?

Which phrase best describes the pre-classical belief about the cause of human misconduct?

The two methods mentioned for an accused to 'prove' their innocence, trial by battle and trial by ordeal, were both dependent on what?

The text states that in the pre-classical era, 'crime was equivalent to sin.' What does this imply about the legal system?

Who is credited in the text with outlining a three-stage progression of human knowledge: theological, metaphysical, and scientific?

The pre-classical focus on demons and the devil as causes of crime is an example of which type of explanation from Comte's model?

What was the fundamental problem with the process of determining guilt in the pre-classical era, as described in the chapter?

Which of the following describes the metaphysical stage of knowledge, according to Comte?

The text suggests that pre-classical justice was highly inequitable because punishment depended on social standing rather than what?

A core assumption of the pre-classical era was that governments had the moral authority to punish because they were acting on behalf of whom?

Being labeled a 'wizard or witch' was a pre-classical explanation for what type of behavior?

What does the description 'arbitrary and severe' imply about pre-classical punishments?

The entire system of pre-classical thought described in the chapter serves as a historical background to contrast with which later school of thought?

In Comte's framework, what method of inquiry defines the scientific stage?

The pre-classical idea that feudal lords determined guilt with 'God's permission' highlights what about the era's power structure?

What is the primary difference between a trial by battle and a trial by ordeal?

What did it mean for justice to be 'arbitrary' in the pre-classical era?

The belief that a person broke the law because they were 'possessed by demons' is an example of what kind of thinking?

Which factor determined punishment in the pre-classical era instead of the specific actions of the accused?

What was Comte's field of interest, which the text defines as the study of 'how humans obtain valid knowledge'?

According to the pre-classical view, what was the relationship between human actions and supernatural forces?

The practice of trial by ordeal, where the innocent were expected to be unharmed, relied on what core belief?

Which social figure held the authority to determine guilt and punishment in the pre-classical era?

What does Comte's three-stage theory suggest about the development of human understanding?

The lack of consideration for the 'merits of the case' in pre-classical justice meant that...

Pre-classical theory assumed that the government's right to punish was not a social construct, but a...

Which statement best summarizes the justice system of the pre-classical era?