10.3. History of the Juvenile Justice System

What is the literal English translation of the Latin term 'parens patriae' as it relates to the history of the juvenile justice system?

In what year and in which location was the first juvenile court in the United States established?

According to early English common law, who held the primary responsibility for raising children, and what was the role of the state, represented by chancellors?

What was the purpose of the houses of refuge, such as the one established in New York City in 1825?

What was the key ruling of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in the 1838 case of Ex Parte Crouse?

What was the primary structural difference between the reform schools of the 1850s and the earlier workhouses and houses of refuge?

The case of People Ex Rel. O'connell v. Turner (1870) challenged the practice of parens patriae by ruling that the state can only take control of children under what circumstances?

What were the three major societal forces that influenced the urban environment at the end of the nineteenth century and led to the rise of the Child Saving Movement?

Who were the 'child savers' that emerged during the late nineteenth century?

The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 established the first separate system of juvenile justice with jurisdiction over which specific categories of youth?

What was the significance of the 1905 Pennsylvania Supreme Court case, Commonwealth v. Fisher?

What was the court's rationale in Commonwealth v. Fisher (1905) for upholding a seven-year sentence for a juvenile who committed a minor crime?

Which historical institution was characterized by a 'cottage system' where youth were divided into 'families' with cottage parents?

What was a major negative consequence of reform schools in the nineteenth century, despite their stated goals?

The evolution of the parens patriae doctrine shifted from the idea of 'king as a father' to a more general ideology of what?

In the context of the nineteenth century, what does 'industrialization' refer to?

What was the direct legal effect of the People Ex Rel. O'connell v. Turner (1870) ruling on reform schools in Illinois?

Which court case is used as an example of parens patriae where a father's petition to release his daughter was denied because the state was deemed to be acting in her best interest?

What was the debate surrounding the motives of the Child Savers?

What does the text say was a consequence of the influx of people into cities during the nineteenth century?

Which legal case from 1870 involved a boy named Daniel Turner who was committed to a house of refuge for vagrancy?

Under early English common law, at what age could a child's actions lead to adjudication by chancellors acting in the name of the king?

What was the legal status of youth in early English common law when their cases were adjudicated by chancellors?

The establishment of a house of refuge in New York City in 1825 was an illustration of what nineteenth-century concept?

What was the main emphasis of reform schools that was believed to deter youth from further criminal pursuits?

Which historical event that occurred from 1845-1854 is mentioned as a driver of immigration from Ireland to America during the nineteenth century?

Despite a lack of evaluations on their effectiveness, what does the text say about the popularity of reformatories in the nineteenth century?

What phrase from the ruling in Commonwealth v. Fisher (1905) summarizes the court's view on the ultimate goal for children rescued by the state?

Which court case effectively reversed the precedent set by Ex Parte Crouse by limiting the state's power under parens patriae?

What characteristic of the Child Savers is highlighted as being generally true, regardless of the debate over their motives?

The creation of the juvenile court in 1899 was a direct result of the efforts of which group?

In the case of Ex Parte Crouse, what was the father's legal basis for petitioning for his daughter's release?

According to the text, what was the legal reasoning behind the ruling in People Ex Rel. O'connell v. Turner regarding the imprisonment of a child for being 'misfortunate'?

What does the text identify as a primary difference between parents' responsibility and the state's interest in the upbringing of children under early English common law?

Which institution was founded on the idea of using a 'cottage system' to simulate a family environment for delinquent and dependent children?

The idea that the state intervenes 'for the youth's own good' to protect them from growing up to be 'ill-prepared members of society' is an expression of what doctrine?

What was the legal outcome for the juvenile in the Commonwealth v. Fisher (1905) case?

What was the court's stance on parental rights in the Ex Parte Crouse ruling?

Which case effectively established a due process check on parens patriae, ruling that the state cannot imprison a child simply for being 'destitute of proper parental care'?

What was the primary function of chancellors in early English common law regarding youth?

Which institution was described as being used to 'corral youth who were roaming the street unsupervised'?

The belief that reinserting a 'strong family presence' would deter youth from crime was the philosophical basis for which institution?

What was the key argument made by the court in Commonwealth v. Fisher to justify its actions?

Which term describes the shift from farm jobs to factory jobs that contributed to the rise of the Child Saving Movement?

In the case People Ex Rel. O'connell v. Turner, on what grounds was Daniel Turner remanded to a Chicago house of refuge?

What was the purpose of the first statutory provision for juvenile justice, the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?

Which group's influx into American cities is mentioned as weakening the cohesiveness of communities and families?

The case of Commonwealth v. Fisher demonstrated that under the early juvenile court's philosophy, a child could receive a much longer sentence than an adult for the same minor crime. What was the given sentence?

What was a defining characteristic of houses of refuge regarding the reason for a youth's placement?

Which legal principle, originating with the King of England in the 12th century, formed the entire legal basis for the creation and operation of the first juvenile courts?