5.11. Control Theories

What fundamental question distinguishes control theories from other criminological theories like strain or learning theories?

What is the core assumption of control theories regarding human nature?

Who introduced the concept of 'stakes in conformity' to control theory in 1957?

Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements of Travis Hirschi's social bond theory?

In Hirschi's social bond theory, which element refers to the affection and emotional connectedness we have towards others, such as parents and school?

Which element of the social bond is considered the rational component, relating to Toby's 'stakes in conformity'?

The idea that 'idle hands are the devil's worship' best illustrates which element of Hirschi's social bond theory?

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime, what is the primary cause of criminal behavior?

What is identified in the General Theory of Crime as the root cause of low self-control?

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, by what age is a person's level of self-control established?

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of people with low self-control, as described by Gottfredson and Hirschi?

Control theories are unique because they try to identify the types of 'controls' that stop people from becoming what?

Travis Hirschi presented his Social Bond Theory in what year?

According to the text, which element of the social bond is considered the 'essential element' by Hirschi?

An example of a juvenile who has a job but not a career and is not married is used to illustrate that they have fewer what, compared to a married teacher?

What type of controls, according to early theorists, originate in social institutions like family, school, and religious conventions?

Which theory claimed it could explain all crime by all people?

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what type of crimes require few skills and have an immediate payoff, making them attractive to people with low self-control?

Control theories are described as 'vastly different' from other criminological theories because they assume what about people?

What process is identified as being able to establish direct, indirect, personal, and social controls on people, according to the chapter's conclusion?

According to Travis Hirschi's social bond theory, what are parents who provide guidance and care exercising over their children?

David Matza's theory of 'drift' is mentioned in contrast to Hirschi's view on belief. Matza argued that juveniles do what to commit delinquent acts?

Which of the following parental actions is NOT listed as a cause of low self-control in children according to Gottfredson and Hirschi?

How do control theories view the driving forces behind crime compared to strain theories?

The example of a married teacher with kids is used in the text to demonstrate a high level of what?

Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that traits like impulsivity and short-sightedness will manifest throughout a person's life because low self-control is what?

According to the text, Hirschi eventually moved away from his social bond theory and toward what other theory?

Personal controls are described as being exercised through what process?

What type of bonds, according to Hirschi's 1969 theory, make people less likely to commit crime?

The General Theory of Crime posits that low self-control is the cause of crime and what else?

In social bond theory, investing time and energy in activities like school or career development is an example of which element?

What is the relationship between 'involvement' and 'commitment' in Hirschi's theory?

Why would a person with strong 'belief' in Hirschi's social bond theory be less likely to commit crime?

Control theories primarily focus on which type of social control?

What is the key difference between Hirschi's social bond theory and Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime?

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, ineffective parenting involves a failure to discipline a child's what?

If a person refrains from shoplifting because they are invested in their goal of becoming a lawyer and don't want to risk their future, which element of the social bond is at play?

The text states that early control theorists argued for 'multiple controls on individuals.' This implies that control is not from a single source but from what?

How does Hirschi's view on 'belief' differ from Matza's theory of 'drift'?

Which control theory emphasizes a stable, individual trait as the main cause of crime throughout life?

If a person has low self-control, when would their criminal behavior likely manifest according to the General Theory of Crime?

The theories discussed in this chapter fall under the umbrella of 'control theories' because they seek to identify what?

Which social institution is NOT explicitly listed as a source of social controls by early theorists?

What is the primary characteristic of crimes committed by people with low self-control, according to Gottfredson and Hirschi?

Unlike strain theories that see people as inherently good, or learning theories that see them as a blank slate, control theories begin with the premise that people are inherently what?

Travis Hirschi's social bond theory, often called social control theory, was first fully presented in his 1969 book titled what?

If a parent fails to monitor their child, fails to recognize deviant behavior, and fails to discipline that behavior, what is the predicted outcome according to Gottfredson and Hirschi?

What is the central premise of Toby's (1957) concept of 'stakes in conformity'?

Which element of the social bond would be demonstrated by a student who spends every evening at the library, leaving no time for deviant activities?

In what decade did Gottfredson and Hirschi publish their General Theory of Crime?