10.2. Juvenile Justice

According to the contemporary juvenile justice system's premise, what is the primary approach to dealing with juvenile offenders?

What recent scientific field has been utilized to support the need for treating juveniles differently from adults in the justice system?

Until what approximate age do the sections of the brain associated with moral culpability continue to mature, suggesting an underdeveloped brain in juvenile delinquents?

What does the term 'parens patriae' literally mean, and what was its original application in 12th century England?

What was the primary purpose of the house of refuge established in New York City in 1825?

What was the key ruling in the 1838 case of Ex Parte Crouse?

The 1870 case People Ex Rel. O'connell v. Turner challenged the practice of parens patriae by ruling what?

The 'child-saving movement' emerged in the late nineteenth century in response to what three major societal changes?

In what year and location was the first juvenile court in the United States created?

The case of Commonwealth v. Fisher (1905) upheld a seven-year sentence for a juvenile for a minor crime based on what legal principle?

What is the typical upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction in most states, after which a youth is considered an adult?

What are 'status offenses' in the context of juvenile delinquency?

In the juvenile court process, what is the term used for the document that initiates proceedings, equivalent to an indictment in adult court?

What term is used in juvenile court for the final outcome, which is equivalent to a 'sentence' in adult court?

Beginning in the 1960s, what was the primary reason the juvenile court was criticized, leading to the 'due process revolution'?

What was the central issue in Kent v. United States (1966), the first major case of the due process revolution?

In the case of In re Gault (1967), Gerald Gault was sentenced to 6 years in juvenile detention for making an obscene phone call. What was the maximum penalty for an adult who committed the same offense?

Which of the following was NOT one of the specific due process rights established for juveniles in the In re Gault (1967) ruling?

What constitutional standard of proof did the Supreme Court establish for juvenile delinquency proceedings in In re Winship (1970)?

The Supreme Court's ruling in Breed v. Jones (1975) established what constitutional protection for juveniles?

What was a major reform effort mandated by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974?

A 1992 reauthorization of the JJDPA encouraged states to identify and address gaps in services for which specific group?

The concept of the 'juvenile superpredator' in the mid-1990s led to what shift in juvenile justice policy?

Which type of waiver to adult court allows a prosecutor the discretion to file charges in either juvenile or adult court without a transfer hearing?

What does a 'legislative waiver' or 'statutory waiver' do?

In the context of judicial waivers, what is the key difference between a 'discretionary' waiver and a 'presumptive' waiver?

What did the Supreme Court rule in Roper v. Simmons (2005)?

The 2010 case of Graham v. Florida established what limitation on sentencing for juveniles?

In Miller v. Alabama (2012), the Supreme Court ruled what kind of sentence violated the 8th Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishments for those under 18?

What was the significance of the Supreme Court's ruling in Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016)?

In the juvenile justice process, what is the 'intake stage' primarily used for?

What is the term for a formal hearing in juvenile court that is equivalent to a trial in adult court?

According to the text, which type of juvenile institution is comparable to an adult jail and is used for short-term, secure stays?

What is the primary focus of Residential Treatment Centers (RTCs) as described in the text?

What is 'Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC)' in the juvenile justice system?

Zero Tolerance policies are described as contributing to what phenomenon?

What is the major philosophical difference between the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system, as stated in the Conclusion?

The pendulum of juvenile justice is described as swinging between a 'parens patriae' model and what other model?

In the case of Kalief Browder, mentioned in the 'Raising the Age' news brief, what was he charged with stealing?

Which type of judicial waiver requires a judge to automatically transfer a juvenile case to adult court if certain criteria like age and offense are met?

Before the creation of the juvenile court, how was the concept of 'delinquency' understood?

What are 'evidence-based practices' in the context of juvenile justice reform?

How much money was Samuel Winship accused of stealing in the In re Winship case?

The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 gave the first juvenile court jurisdiction over what types of youth?

According to the text, what is the main characteristic of a Group Home as a juvenile institution?

What does the text identify as a major flaw in the 'one size fits all' approach of Zero Tolerance policies?

The 'child-saving movement' was led by what group of people?

How many major decision points are listed in the text as being part of the juvenile justice process?

The main purpose of the original juvenile court was to emphasize reform and treatment over what?

Which juvenile institution is described as being ineffective for preventing future delinquency despite popular opinion?