8.2. Retribution

Which term best describes the orientation of retribution as a philosophy of punishment?

What is the primary goal of retribution in its original form?

The retributive philosophy of punishment focuses primarily on what aspect of a crime?

What phrase is used in the text to summarize the retributive philosophy?

Retribution is argued to be the oldest of the main punishment ideologies because it originates from what basic concept?

What is the ancient concept, roughly translating to 'the law of retaliation,' that is closely associated with retribution?

The concept that a person who injures someone should be punished with a similar amount of harm was developed in which early legal system?

Around what year does the text state the Code of Hammurabi, a key example of retributive law, was created?

What does the retributivist philosophy advocate for regarding any suffering that goes beyond the originally intended sentence?

What is identified in the text as the 'core principle of retribution'?

According to the text, the term 'backward-looking' when applied to retribution means that the punishment exclusively addresses what?

Retribution's goal of ensuring proportionate punishments is applied regardless of individual differences between offenders, with what two stated exceptions?

What is the historical significance of the Code of Hammurabi as described in the text?

The principle that 'offenders who commit the same crime must receive the same punishment' is a direct result of what core retributive principle?

Why are punishments that extend beyond the original balancing of justice considered 'outside of the scope of retribution'?

What does the text identify as a direct consequence of the shift towards more 'forward-looking' ideologies of punishment?

According to the philosophy of retribution, a punishment should 'balance out' what?

The text states retribution focuses on the past offense rather than the offender. This helps to explain why retribution is described as what?

The concept of an 'eye for an eye' is presented as an example of what?

Under the principle of Lex Talionis, how should a person who injures someone be punished?

Which punishment philosophy is identified as the only one that is 'backward-looking'?

The idea of a 'dosage of punishment' ensures that punishments beyond the originally intended balancing of justice are considered what?

What does the text suggest about the punishment of two individuals who committed the same crime under a retributive system?

The text explains that the philosophy of retribution focuses on the past offense, rather than what?

Which historical legal document is provided as an example of a codified retributive approach to punishment?

What does the text state is the consequence of punishments going beyond the 'original balancing of justice'?

Retribution's primary goal is to ensure punishment is proportionate to the seriousness of the crime, regardless of what?

The philosophy of retribution is contrasted with ideologies that are more what?

What is the only punishment philosophy described in the text that does NOT address anything in the future?

The concept of 'mens rea' is mentioned as a factor that is considered under retribution, despite the general rule of ignoring what?

The idea that retaliation against a transgression is allowable has ancient roots in what concept?

Why does the retributivist philosophy call for the removal of any suffering beyond the intended sentence?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the retributive philosophy as described in the text?

The text describes the Code of Hammurabi as representing an early attempt at what?

What is the primary difference between retribution and other 'forward-looking' punishment ideologies?

An understanding of moral culpability is mentioned in the text as an exception to what general rule of retribution?

The text suggests that our views of punishment change to include more 'forward-looking' ideologies as we move forward in what?

According to the text, a key element of Lex Talionis is that a person who injures another should receive a punishment involving a similar amount of what?

What is the primary reason provided in the text for why retribution is considered the oldest punishment ideology?

The principle of 'dosage of punishment' in retribution implies that punishment should be what?

The text states retribution's goal is 'to ensure that punishments are proportionate to the seriousness of the crimes committed'. What does this imply?

Which of the following phrases is NOT used in the text to describe or explain the concept of retribution?

What does the text imply is the reason that suffering beyond the intended punishment is 'outside of the scope of retribution'?

The idea that 'retaliation against a transgression is allowable' is identified as having ancient roots in which concept?

Which of these factors does the philosophy of retribution generally ignore when determining punishment?

The development of 'forward-looking' punishment ideologies signifies a shift away from which core aspect of retribution?

The text describes the Code of Hammurabi, from around 1780 B.C., as an early form of what?

What does the text state is the primary reason why 'Punishments beyond the original balancing of justice' do not fit with the philosophy of retribution?

The retributive ideal that 'people committing the same crime should receive a punishment of the same type and duration' contrasts most sharply with which modern sentencing practice?

According to the chapter, retribution is the only major punishment ideology that can be described as what?