5.9. Strain Theories

What is the foundational assumption of strain theories regarding human nature?

According to Emile Durkheim, under what condition does inequality correlate with crime?

What term did Emile Durkheim use to describe the decline of social norms or 'normlessness' during periods of rapid social change?

How did Robert K. Merton's view on the origin of human appetites differ from Durkheim's?

In Robert K. Merton's strain theory, what causes a person to feel pressure or strain?

According to Merton's typology, which personality adaptation is the most common?

An individual accepts the cultural goal of achieving wealth but rejects the legitimate means of hard work and instead resorts to embezzlement. Which of Merton's adaptations does this exemplify?

What characterizes the 'Ritualism' adaptation in Merton's theory?

According to the text, which of Merton's adaptations would best describe vagrants and drug addicts who have dropped out of conventional society?

How does the 'Rebellion' adaptation differ from the other four adaptations in Merton's theory?

What was the primary source of strain that Albert Cohen (1955) focused on in his theory?

According to Albert Cohen, why do many youths commit crimes in groups?

What did Cloward and Ohlin (1960) claim that serious delinquents sought?

In Cloward and Ohlin's theory, what is the function of 'criminal gangs'?

What term did Cloward and Ohlin use to describe youths who have neither legitimate nor illegitimate means to increase their income?

How did Robert Agnew's general strain theory broaden the concept of strain?

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of strain identified by Robert Agnew?

According to Agnew's general strain theory, losing a job would be an example of which type of strain?

In Agnew's theory, what characteristics of a strain make it more likely to lead to crime?

What is the role of negative emotions like anger, depression, and fear in Agnew's general strain theory?

Which theorist proposed that many juvenile crimes, especially those in lower-class families, were a rejection of education and other middle-class values?

In Merton's table of personality adaptations, how is 'Innovation' represented in terms of cultural goals and institutionalized means?

Which theorist's work from 1938 argued that the 'social structure' of American society restricts some citizens from attaining the 'American Dream'?

What type of gang, according to Cloward and Ohlin, permits youths to vent their frustrations?

Which of the following is provided as an example of a 'confrontation of negative stimuli' in Agnew's General Strain Theory?

In Merton's strain theory, what is the culturally approved method of obtaining the American Dream?

Which theorist's version of strain theory assumed that people with minimal social control are more likely to commit a crime when faced with strain?

What is the primary difference in focus between Durkheim's concept of anomie and Shaw and McKay's adaptation of it?

Which of the five adaptations in Merton's theory is characterized by rejecting cultural goals but accepting institutionalized means, such as working hard for the sake of working hard?

In what year did Albert Cohen publish his work explaining that stress could come from a lack of status?

The theories of Cohen and Cloward and Ohlin are primarily focused on explaining the criminal behavior of which demographic group?

What central idea connects the strain theories of Merton, Cohen, and Cloward and Ohlin?

A student who wants to be popular (a positively valued stimulus) but is consistently rejected by peers is experiencing which type of strain, according to Agnew?

Which theorist argued that anomie was an inability of societies to control or regulate individual's appetites?

What is the function of 'prosocial coping mechanisms' in the context of Agnew's General Strain Theory?

How many major sources of strain does Robert Agnew's general strain theory identify?

What is the key difference between Merton's 'Innovation' and 'Rebellion' adaptations?

In the context of strain theories, what does it mean to say a theory focuses on why people are 'pushed' into crime?

The idea that youths in 'retreatist gangs' are 'double failures' comes from which theorists?

According to the text, what is the ultimate purpose of criminal behavior in Agnew's General Strain Theory?

How many personality adaptations did Robert K. Merton propose in his strain theory?

Which of the following is NOT listed as an example of strain in Agnew's General Strain Theory?

Which theorist viewed economic and social inequality as 'natural and inevitable'?

An office worker gives up on the goal of becoming a CEO but continues to show up to work every day and meticulously follow all company rules. This behavior aligns with which of Merton's adaptations?

Which strain theory specifically addressed the question of why most juvenile crimes occurred in groups?

The idea that a lack of legitimate opportunities to improve one's economic position would lead youths to join gangs is central to which theory?

In the table of Merton's adaptations, how is 'Retreatism' represented?

What year did Cloward and Ohlin publish their work on delinquency and opportunity, which described different types of gangs?

According to Agnew's theory, when a person commits a crime to 'vent,' what are they venting?

Which adaptation in Merton's theory involves rejecting current societal goals and means in order to establish a new social order?