8.7. A Brief History of Prisons and Jails

The concept of a jail, with its original Old English spelling 'GOAL', was brought to the United States from which region?

According to the section 'The Growth of Jails in the United States', who has largely been responsible for running county-level jails in the U.S. since their inception?

What is the name of the institution, opening around 1790, that is commonly accepted as the first 'built' structure in the United States designed to house individuals processed through the courts?

Around what year did the Walnut Street Jail, considered the first 'built' correctional facility in the U.S., open?

What is the capacity of the vast majority of jails in the United States, as described in the section on 'Types of Jails'?

Approximately how many jails in the United States hold fewer than 50 detainees each?

The 50 biggest jails in the United States collectively hold over how many detainees?

What is the defining architectural feature of 'Older generation jails'?

What is a key feature of the design of 'Newer generation jails'?

What type of supervision approach is often utilized in newer, podular jails, where there are no particular barriers between deputies and detainees?

What is the estimated number of people who are processed through America's jails on an annual basis?

What is the general average length of stay for an individual in jail?

Based on the snapshot provided in the text, what percentage of individuals in jail at any given time have not been convicted of a crime?

Besides various local and state police agencies, which specific federal agency is mentioned as using local jails to house thousands of individuals?

What was the fundamental concept behind the design of the Eastern State Penitentiary (ESP)?

The Auburn prison system, which became a dominant model for prisons in the United States, was distinguished by its introduction of what type of system?

What activity did the congregate system at Auburn prison permit inmates to do, which was a departure from the Eastern State Penitentiary model?

In what year was the first execution by electric chair carried out at Auburn prison?

Approximately how many State or municipal prisons are there in the United States today?

In what year did the U.S. Congress pass the legislation that created the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)?

Who was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), known for his work at the Elmira Reformatory?

Today, how many prisons does the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) operate, along with numerous additional facilities?

In which year did the first privately owned prison in the United States begin its operations?

What was the original name of the company, now known as Core Civic, that became the operator of the first privately owned prison in the U.S.?

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is divided into how many administrative regions?

How many classification levels does the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) utilize for its institutions?

Which of the following lists the five classification levels used by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)?

What is the classification of ADX Florence, a United States Penitentiary that houses the most dangerous individuals at the Federal level?

What type of housing is typically found in minimum-security prisons?

Which prison security level is described as a transition from dorm-style housing to cells, normally with two persons to a cell?

In which prison security level are inmates most likely to spend the majority of their day in single-occupancy cells?

What is the main function of a prison intake center?

Which facility is mentioned in the text as an example of a state's intake center and also serves as the women's prison for that state?

What is the typical minimum sentence duration for individuals who are sent to prison in the United States?

What percentage of state prisoners in the U.S. are incarcerated for violent crimes?

According to the graphic in the 'People Incarcerated in the U.S.' section, what is the approximate number of State Prisoners?

What percentage of the U.S. prisoner population is male?

How does the percentage of male prisoners (roughly 93 percent) compare to the percentage of male jail inmates?

What was a defining characteristic of the Walnut Street Jail's inmate population when it first opened?

What distinguishes direct supervision from indirect supervision in a jail setting?

Which architectural style of jail typically utilizes an indirect supervision approach?

In addition to adults awaiting trial and those already convicted, which specific group is listed in the text as being held in jails while 'pending transfer'?

What was the primary method of achieving penance for inmates under the Eastern State Penitentiary model?

According to the text, who typically appoints the Director that runs a state's Department of Corrections?

What is described in the text as a major criticism of private prisons?

By what other name does the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) generally refer to its minimum-security facilities?

What type of inmate is typically housed in super-max or administrative control facilities?

What level of crime have most people in U.S. prisons been convicted of?

Before the construction of large, dedicated jail structures, where were inmates often housed according to the text?

What was the eventual fate of the Walnut Street Jail's design concept?