8.6. Prisons and Jails

Around what year did the Walnut Street Jail, commonly accepted as the first "built" structure to house individuals processed through the courts in the United States, open?

According to the text, approximately how many people process through America's jails annually?

Based on information in the text regarding the "Snapshot of Individuals in Jail" graphic, what percentage of individuals in jails at any given time are not convicted?

What is the term for the more modern jail design where multiple cells face a central area, often utilizing a direct supervision approach?

The Auburn prison system, which became the dominant model for many prisons, was different from the Eastern State Penitentiary system because it utilized what kind of system?

Approximately how many State or municipal prisons are there in the United States today?

In what decade was the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) established as a result of the need to house an increasing number of individuals convicted of federal crimes?

Which company became the first privately owned prison in the United States in 1984?

According to the text, which type of prison facility is characterized by dorm-style housing, typically for non-violent offenders with shorter sentences?

What percentage of state prisoners are incarcerated for violent crimes?

What percentage of the prison population is male, as mentioned in the text?

What is the term for the removal of many individuals from state mental health hospitals, which contributed to an increase in the prison population during the 'get tough era'?

What is the common name for the truth in sentencing legislation where a mandatory minimum of a sentence must be served before an individual is eligible for release?

In 1994, California passed Proposition 184, a three-strikes policy that mandated what minimum sentence for individuals committing a third felony after two previous serious or violent felonies?

A report by Barbara Meierhoefer (1992) found that average sentence lengths for African Americans for similar weights of crack versus cocaine for Whites were roughly how much higher?

What type of offense accounts for over half of the federal prison population?

Based on BJS data cited in the text, what has been the percentage increase in prisoners aged 55 and older?

The cost of an older inmate (aged 55+) can be upwards of how many times the cost of a normal inmate?

The case of Estelle v. Gamble found that deliberately denying care to prisoners due to excessive volumes of individuals is a violation of which constitutional amendment?

A comprehensive study by Alper, Durose, and Markman (2018) found that by year 9 after release, what percentage of individuals had been rearrested?

According to a 2016 U.S. Department of Education report, by what percentage did state and local government expenditures on corrections rise from 1979–80 to 2012–13?

Which of the four main punishment ideologies most accurately attempts to address all three goals of corrections: punishing the offender, protecting society, and rehabilitating the offender?

The Eastern State Penitentiary, which opened in 1829, was designed around the idea that offenders needed to be what?

Which of the following is NOT listed in Chapter 8.9 as a type of individual held in jails?

What is the general average length of stay for a person in jail?

Approximately how many jails are there in the United States today?

Older generation, linear-style jails typically use which supervision approach?

In which prison was the first death by electric chair executed in 1890?

How many administrative regions are the federal prisons separated into by the BOP?

How many classification levels does the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) have?

What is ADX Florence, which houses the most dangerous individuals at the Federal level, considered?

What is the primary purpose of a prison intake center?

What is the primary characteristic of people who go to prison in the United States?

The text argues that the 'get tough era' on crime shifted American ideology abruptly. This shift included all of the following EXCEPT:

The war on drugs, which shifted views on drug use towards a more punitive criminal justice issue, was initiated by which President in 1971?

In corrections, what are prison gangs like the Whites, Blacks, Surenos, and Nortenos often called?

What is the term for a release from prison that occurs when a person has served their entire sentence length, often because of misbehavior that nullified their 'good days'?

Barriers to successful integration after prison, such as difficulty finding employment or housing due to a criminal record, are known as what?

What was the main conclusion of Robert Martinson's influential 1974 review of rehabilitation programs?

Which punishment ideology is described as the only 'backward-looking' philosophy, focusing on past harm done rather than future change?

In British history, what were the large ships that carried convicted individuals to far-away lands as a form of incapacitation called?

Incarcerating large groups of individuals to remove their ability to commit crimes is known as what?

A graphic in the text shows that in jails, about 85 percent of inmates are male. How does this compare to the prison population?

At any given point in time, what is the approximate number of individuals within jails in the United States?

Based on the "Table 2-1 Jails in the United States" graph, the number of jails in the United States was highest around which year?

Which prison level represents a transition from dorm-style housing to cells, with a higher fence and possible barbed wire?

What is a key characteristic of High or Maximum-security prisons?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a problem caused by prison overcrowding?

Items that, when changed, can lower an individual's risk of offending, such as antisocial attitudes, lack of education, and substance abuse, are known as what?

According to a 2016 report, state and local government expenditures on corrections in 2012–13 had risen to what amount?