8.3. Deterrence

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes forward-looking punishment ideologies, such as deterrence, from backward-looking ones?

According to the text, what is the basic concept of deterrence?

Which category of deterrence is focused on teaching an individual offender a lesson to prevent their personal recidivism?

What is the aim of general deterrence?

The principle that a deterrent action results in the offender reducing the amount of a criminal act, rather than stopping it completely, is known as what?

What is displacement in the context of deterrence theory?

According to the text, for deterrence theory to be effective, individuals in society must possess which three key characteristics?

What does the concept of 'hedonism' or 'hedonistic calculus' mean in the context of deterrence?

Deterrence theory works on three key elements for punishment. What are they?

What does 'celerity' refer to in deterrence theory?

According to Cesare Beccaria, as cited in the text, which of the three elements of deterrence theory is the most important?

In what century did the Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria, a key figure in deterrence theory, live and work?

What does Beccaria's statement, 'For punishment to attain its end, the evil which it inflicts has only to exceed the advantage derivable from the crime… All beyond this is superfluous and for that reason tyrannical,' primarily address?

The concept of 'absolute deterrence' is described in the text as a surrealistic idea often credited to whom?

According to the text, what is the modern understanding of the effectiveness of deterrence?

Which of the following is an example of marginal deterrence as described in the chapter?

The text states that displacement argues that crime is not deterred but shifted on three levels. Which of the following is NOT one of those levels?

What is the core idea of 'free will' as it relates to the efficacy of deterrence theory?

How does the text describe the concept of 'absolute deterrence' in today's standards?

Which school of criminology, with which Cesare Beccaria is strongly associated, provides the roots for deterrence theory?

What is the relationship between specific deterrence and general deterrence?

According to the text, what is a weakness of deterrence theory related to its required individual characteristics?

The text states that deterrence is rooted in the concepts of which area of study?

What is the role of 'rationality' as a necessary element within an individual for deterrence to be effective?

Which of the following best summarizes Beccaria's view on the amount of punishment, or 'severity'?

The text presents deterrence as the next major punishment ideology after which historical system?

What does the text imply is the main reason that making the public *think* their offenses will not go unpunished is a deterrent factor?

An example of displacement where a criminal stops stealing cars on the weekend and instead sells drugs during the day involves a shift in which two levels?

How is celerity ranked in importance among the three elements of deterrence theory, according to the text?

The text states that many of Cesare Beccaria's concepts helped to shape what important U.S. document?

Which term is used in the text to describe reoffending?

Unlike backward-looking approaches, deterrence is designed to punish current behaviors and also accomplish what?

The text indicates that the overall effect of deterrence is limited, but it does appear to work for which specific group of individuals?

If a city's crackdown on weekend carjackings leads to a rise in daytime drug dealing, this outcome would be an example of which deterrence principle?

The concept of hedonistic calculus, essential for deterrence, suggests that people are motivated by what?

The idea that 'when one person offends, the punishment received is going to be the same for all' is part of the core design for what?

In Beccaria's view, punishment that is more severe than necessary to outweigh the benefit of the crime is considered what?

What does the text identify as the primary motivator of deterrence, according to Beccaria's philosophy?

The text states that there is little to no evidence to support which concept of deterrence?

Which of the following is NOT one of the three principles of deterrence discussed in the text alongside general and specific deterrence?

Deterrence as a punishment ideology can be focused on a group or on what other entity?

The idea that people desire more pleasurable things than harmful ones is central to which concept required for deterrence to be effective?

Cesare Beccaria is also considered the 'Father' of what?

What makes deterrence a forward-looking theory of punishment?

The principle of severity in deterrence theory is primarily concerned with what aspect of punishment?

Which of the following is an example of displacement by 'type of crime'?

The text states that in order for deterrence to work, people must have a 'conceptual (perceived) idea' of what?

If a punishment is applied very slowly, long after a crime is committed, which element of deterrence theory is being violated?

According to the modern understanding presented in the text, deterrence is most likely to be effective for what type of offense?

What is the consequence of Beccaria's idea that punishment should only exceed the advantage from the crime?