9.12. Current Issues in Corrections

According to the text, which of the following is NOT listed as a factor that contributed to the shift towards a more punitive 'get tough era' in the United States?

What does the text state was the primary focus of the 'war on drugs' initiated by President Nixon in 1971?

In what year was the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) created to provide another arm of the government to tackle the issue of drugs?

What are the four basic gangs or 'security threat groups' (STGs) that the text identifies as having converged in prisons?

What is the concept of 'transinstitutionalization' or 'transcarceration' as described in the text?

What does the 'truth in sentencing' legislation, also known as the 85 percent rule, require of incarcerated individuals?

What did California's Proposition 184, the 'Three Strikes and You're Out' policy, mandate for individuals committing a third felony?

According to the Barbara Meierhoefer (1992) report, how did the average sentence lengths for African Americans for crack cocaine offenses compare to those for Whites for powder cocaine offenses of similar weights?

What proportion of the federal prison population is made up of drug offenders, according to the text?

What has been the approximate percentage increase in the number of prisoners aged 55 and older, as related in the text based on BJS data?

How does the cost of incarcerating an older inmate compare to that of a normal inmate, according to McKillop and Boucher (2018)?

According to the text, what constitutional right can be violated when prison overcrowding leads to an inability to access adequate health care?

In the comprehensive study by Alper, Durose, and Markman (2018), what percentage of released individuals had been rearrested by the end of a 9-year follow-up period?

What is the term for items that are barriers to successful integration for ex-offenders, such as difficulties in obtaining employment or housing due to a criminal record?

According to a 2016 report from the U.S. Department of Education, by what percentage did state and local government expenditures on corrections rise from 1979-80 to 2012-13?

What specific California prison is identified in the text as a place where leaders of major street gangs are held?

What is described as a problematic aspect of prison overcrowding concerning the physical facility itself?

What is the concept of the 'revolving door' of justice as it relates to reentry?

What does the text suggest is the result for ex-offenders who lie on employment or rental applications about their criminal history and are later discovered?

What fundamental change does the text suggest is necessary for the correctional system to successfully curb the growing problems it faces?

What was a consequence of the passage of Washington's Initiative 593, a three-strikes policy, in 1993?

What is one of the most debated issues within drug sentencing laws mentioned in the text?

What is the estimated total number of people in the United States under some form of correctional control, including prison, jail, probation, and parole?

What philosophical question has arisen from the issue of an aging prison population?

Why are reentry programs often unsuccessful, according to the text?

What was the approximate increase in state and local government spending on corrections in dollar amounts from 1979-80 to 2012-13?

The text describes the story of Terry, a dually diagnosed individual, to illustrate a problem with what practice?

What was the main outcome of the case Estelle v. Gamble (1976) as it relates to corrections?

The text states that in the past, a person with mental illness might be found 'not guilty by reason of insanity'. How did this shift within the justice system?

What does the text identify as a primary safety concern resulting from prison overcrowding?

What happened to sentence lengths for drug possession by the 1980s as part of the 'war on drugs'?

What is the primary argument against policies like the crack vs. powder cocaine sentencing disparity?

What is the subject of the documentary 'The Prison Terminal (2013)' mentioned in the text?

A three-judge panel in California ordered the state to reduce its prison population for what primary reason?

What percentage of individuals released from prison were rearrested within the first three years, according to the Alper, Durose, and Markman (2018) study?

What future outcome does the text predict for the correctional population if the system is not supported with evidence-based practices and a more holistic approach?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a 'Get tough policy' that flourished in the latter half of the 1980s and into the 1990s?

What was the consequence of the increased average length of prison sentences resulting from 'Get tough policies'?

Why does the text argue that ex-offenders face a 'cycle of release and catch again'?

What is the title of section 9.13, which introduces the topic of America's high rate of imprisonment?

Besides inmate-on-inmate violence, what other safety concern is mentioned as a result of overcrowding?

What factor complicates the situation of 'Terry', the individual who is force-released from jail in the text's example?

What contributed to the increase of mentally ill inmates in prisons during the late 1970s and 1980s?

Why was Washington's Initiative 593, the three-strikes policy, considered to have a broad impact?

What is the primary reason older inmates cost more to incarcerate?

What is a major challenge for ex-offenders seeking rental housing, as described in the text?

The text argues that America's shift to a more punitive approach began in which decade?

What is the result of the public and the State having a responsibility to house and properly care for prisoners?

The text mentions that once the linkages between fear of crime and the drug trade by gangs became more pronounced, what happened?

Collectively, the text identifies the 'get tough era' as including the war on drugs, tougher sentencing legislation, and what other major factor?