10.8. Getting Tough: Initiatives for Punishment and Accountability

What major shift occurred in the 1980s regarding the way state and federal laws addressed juvenile law?

What concept, prominent in the mid-1990s, described youth as being 'so impulsively violent, remorseless, and have no respect for human life'?

What motto was central to the accountability initiatives and get-tough campaigns of the mid-1990s?

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a mechanism for transferring a juvenile to adult criminal court?

What is another term for prosecutorial waiver, as mentioned in the text?

What is the primary function of a legislative waiver, also known as a statutory waiver?

What is a key procedural feature of the prosecutorial waiver process as described in the text?

What is a primary purpose of utilizing a legislative waiver?

What specific authority does a judicial waiver grant to a juvenile court judge?

In a discretionary (or regular) judicial waiver, with whom does the burden of proof rest?

What is the defining characteristic of a presumptive judicial waiver?

Under what circumstances does a mandatory judicial waiver occur?

The 'Raise the Age' legislation passed in New York in 2017 mandated that 16 and 17-year-olds would no longer be automatically charged as adults. To what age did the law raise this threshold on October 18, 2019?

The case of Kalief Browder, who was held for three years at Rikers Island after being charged with stealing a backpack, prompted New York to ban what practice for inmates under the age of 18?

For how long was Kalief Browder held in solitary confinement during his three-year stay at Rikers Island?

According to the text accompanying the map 'Juvenile Age of Jurisdiction and Transfer to Adult Court Laws,' how many states draw the juvenile/adult line at age 16?

The text accompanying the transfer laws map indicates that in the majority of states, what is the maximum age of juvenile court jurisdiction?

As a result of 'get tough' initiatives, at least how many states lowered the age of majority to 15, 16, and 17, allowing for automatic trial in adult courts for youth of those ages?

What was the primary focus of research by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) during the 1980s?

During the 'get tough' era, how did the prevailing narrative about youth offenders change?

What is another term used in the text for a legislative waiver?

What are the typical threshold criteria, as outlined in the text following the discussion of Kent v. United States, that must be met before a court can consider a discretionary judicial waiver?

What is the primary role of a judge in a mandatory waiver proceeding?

Which two states were identified in the text as the last in the nation to amend their laws and stop automatically charging 16 and 17-year-olds as adults?

What tragic event occurred just two years after Kalief Browder's release from Rikers Island?

According to the research cited in the text, solitary confinement for juveniles is linked to what kind of problems?

Which of the following states is NOT listed in the text as one of the five states that draw the juvenile/adult line at age 16?

The text states that transfer provisions, which were originally intended for the 'worst of the worst offenders,' had what unintended consequence?

What is another term for the discretionary judicial waiver?

To avoid being transferred to adult court under a presumptive waiver, what must a youth do?

What is the defining characteristic of a prosecutorial waiver regarding the filing of charges?

What specific violent felony offenses are mentioned in the text as examples that are often automatically sent to adult criminal court under legislative waivers?

What is the primary purpose of a mandatory waiver in transfer proceedings?

The 'Raise the Age' legislation in New York was described as a massive win for what group?

In addition to the harmful effects identified by research, what other reason is given in the text for why most states do not allow the use of solitary confinement in juvenile facilities?

According to the text, approximately how many youth are tried as adults each year and may be sentenced to time in regular adult prisons?

What is the maximum age of juvenile court jurisdiction in Wisconsin, according to the text accompanying the map?

The Ted Talk by sociologist Alice Goffman highlights that teenagers from which backgrounds are particularly funneled down the path to prison?

What was the primary aim of the policies enacted by lawmakers at the state level during the 1990s get-tough era?

The concept of the 'juvenile superpredator' led to what specific changes in the juvenile justice system?

Which waiver mechanism provides a prosecutor with the choice of filing charges against a juvenile in either juvenile or adult court?

Under a regular discretionary judicial waiver, what must the prosecutor confirm about the juvenile for the transfer to be considered?

Why is a presumptive waiver called 'presumptive'?

The highly publicized case of Kalief Browder involved an accusation for what alleged crime?

What is the legal status of using solitary confinement for juvenile offenders in federal prisons?

What term from the chapter text corresponds to the map legend item 'Statutory exclusion'?

Which waiver mechanism discussed in the chapter corresponds to the map legend term 'Prosecutorial discretion'?

According to the text, what specific social issues in the 1980s drew attention to the perceived need for more punishment and prevention of youth crime?

The text indicates that as a result of the get-tough reforms, youth offenders were no longer seen as what?

What are the three specific types of judicial waiver mentioned in the text?