9.14. Current Issues in Corrections: War on Drugs and Gangs

Who initiated the 'war on drugs' in 1971, framing it as an all-out war to eradicate drugs in the United States?

According to the chapter, which government agency was created in 1973 to provide another arm of the government to tackle the specific issue of drugs?

The text states that by the 1980s, lengthy sentences for drug possession were increased. What was the upward limit mentioned for these increased sentences, which had previously been one to five years?

The chapter identifies four main gangs, or security threat groups, that have converged in prisons. Which of the following is NOT one of those four groups?

What term does the chapter use for the process where individuals with mental health issues wound up in jails and prisons following the closure of State-run mental health facilities?

What is the common name for the 'Get Tough' policy that mandates a minimum of 85 percent of a sentence must be served before an individual is eligible for release?

What was the proposition number for California's 'Three Strikes and You're Out' policy passed in 1994?

What was the mandatory minimum prison sentence mandated by California's Proposition 184 for an individual committing a third felony after two previous violent or serious felonies?

The 1992 report by Barbara Meierhoefer highlighted a sentencing disparity. It found that average sentence lengths for African Americans were roughly 50 percent higher than for Whites for offenses involving what two forms of the same drug?

What proportion of offenders in STATE prisons are there for drug offenses, according to the text?

The chapter mentions a specific California state prison where many leaders of major street gangs are held. What is the name of this prison?

The 'war on drugs' shifted views on drug use, treating it more as a criminal justice issue rather than what other type of issue?

In what decade did 'Get Tough' policies, including truth in sentencing and three-strikes laws, flourish?

Which federal act from 1970 is mentioned as the start of increased drug sentences under federally mandated minimums?

What was the result of the vote on Washington's three-strikes initiative 593 in 1993?

What term do corrections officials use for prison gangs like the Whites, Blacks, Southerners, and Northerners?

California's Proposition 184 was considered more pervasive than other three-strikes policies because of how it defined the third strike. What type of offense could count as a third strike, triggering life imprisonment?

According to the chapter, the demonization of drug use in the public and media aided in the development of what?

Transcarceration occurred for thousands of mentally ill individuals during which time period?

What was a direct consequence of 'Truth in sentencing' laws on the prison population?

Washington's Initiative 593, a three-strikes policy, increased sentence lengths for how many specified felonies?

What was the main argument in the debate over the sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine?

At what governmental level is the proportion of drug offenders in prison 'much larger', making up over half of the population?

What is meant by the term 'transinstitutionalization' as used in the chapter?

In what year was California's Proposition 184, the 'Three Strikes and You're Out' policy, enacted?

Which of the following is NOT listed as an activity that gangs engage in within prisons?

The chapter mentions a shift in how mentally ill individuals are viewed within the courts and justice system, specifically regarding the insanity defense. The view shifted from 'not guilty by reason of insanity' to what?

The federal code section mentioned in relation to federally mandated minimums for drugs is:

According to the chapter, what has been the primary consequence of the shift towards treating drug use as a criminal justice issue?

What factor escalated the conflict surrounding gangs in the United States, making the linkages between fear of crime and the drug trade more pronounced?

What does the text imply was a major problem resulting from the closure of state-run mental health facilities during the era of transcarceration?

The 1992 report by Barbara Meierhoefer, which found a roughly 50 percent sentencing disparity, supported what assertion?

In addition to recruiting members and running the drug trade, what other major activity are prison gangs engaged in within correctional institutions?

When did the 'Get tough' policies concerning sentences and sentence lengths flourish?

The shift in policy regarding the insanity defense from 'not guilty by reason of insanity' to 'guilty, but legally insane' had what effect on individuals?

How is 'crack' described in the text in relation to cocaine?

What does the chapter suggest was the societal perception of crack cocaine that contributed to the debate over sentencing disparities?

According to the chapter, with the exception of the four main security threat groups, how many different gangs are there in neighborhoods and communities in the United States today?

The term 'Surenos' is associated with which of the four main prison gangs?

The term 'Nortenos' is associated with which of the four main prison gangs?

What was the main purpose of the 'war on drugs' as it was framed when initiated in 1971?

During which decade did lengthy sentences for drug possession increase from a 1-to-5-year range to upwards of 25 years?

What does the chapter state about the prevalence of gang activity in the United States before the enactment of the war on drugs?

Which of the following is listed as one of the four basic prison gangs or 'security threat groups'?

The proliferation of gangs in prisons occurred at the same time as another sizeable increase of what prisoner type?

What is the primary characteristic of the 'Truth in sentencing' or '85 percent rule'?

Under California's Proposition 184, what was the requirement for the first two strikes for the law to be applied?

Who was the author of the 1992 report cited in the chapter that detailed sentencing disparities between crack and powder cocaine offenses?

What factor, according to the chapter, contributed to the increase of offenders in the 1980s alongside changes in the insanity defense?

Which of the following documentary films is NOT mentioned in the chapter as a notable example to watch on the subject of gangs and gang life?