8.4. Incapacitation

What is the primary goal of incapacitation as a philosophy of punishment?

In the context of British history, what were 'Hulks'?

According to the text, during which decade did punishment become a significantly more political topic in the United States, leading to 'tough on crime' campaigns?

What does the term 'collective incapacitation' refer to?

The 'politicization of punishment' led to rapid growth in the prison population. The text identifies two ways this occurred: changing views toward discretion and what other factor?

What is the core principle of the 'selective incapacitation' philosophy?

During which period were 'three-strikes' policies implemented as a more specific form of incapacitation?

What was the stated point of using Hulks to banish convicted individuals in British history?

The text describes a 'definite shift' in incapacitation strategies. What direction did this shift take?

What is one of the criticisms of incapacitation strategies mentioned in the text?

What was a primary driver for lawmakers and justicians to campaign on 'toughness on crime' starting in the 1950s?

Which of the following is an example of an incapacitative ideology?

During which decades was the increasing use of punishment by prison sentences most greatly exacerbated in the United States?

What effect did the 'politicization of punishment' have on the intake-to-release ratio in prisons?

What is the primary difference between collective incapacitation and selective incapacitation?

What kind of policies were 'three-strikes' laws intended to be?

How do policymakers sometimes promote the utility of selective and collective incapacitation, according to the text?

What do future styles of selective incapacitation include, as mentioned in the text?

The text concludes by questioning the effectiveness of incapacitation policies and their cost, leading into a discussion of what alternative punishment ideology?

Incapacitation is rooted in what historical concept mentioned at the beginning of the chapter?

What has been the primary consequence of sending offenders away for longer sentences, as described in the text?

What is the subject of the academic reference cited as Blokland & Nieuwbeerta (2007)?

Why does the text state there are 'mixed feelings' about selective and collective incapacitation?

The chapter on incapacitation serves as a prelude to the discussion of which other main punishment ideology?

Which statement best summarizes the impact of the 'politicization of punishment' on sentencing discretion?

The text suggests a shift from the 'insignificance of collective incapacitation' to a more selective approach. What does 'insignificance' likely mean in this context?

What type of offender was more likely to be sentenced to prison rather than a community sanction alternative due to the 'politicization of punishment'?

The chapter's concluding questions—'does it work? And, at what cost?'—are raised in the context of what specific policies?

The incapacitative ideology, which followed a particular design for several decades, culminated in what specific type of policies in the early 1990s?

The chapter implies a primary reason for the shift from collective to selective incapacitation was a desire to do what?

What ideology is based on the removal of an individual from society for a set duration to prevent future criminal acts?

The text mentions 'three-strikes' policies as a form of what kind of incapacitation?

What was the main reason cited for the 'enormous buildups of the prison population' during the 'tough on crime' era?

Which statement best reflects the perspective on incapacitation offered by its critics, as mentioned in the text?

The 'politicization of punishment' in the 1950s was characterized by a focus on what?

What does the text identify as a future evolution of selective incapacitation strategies?

What is the primary function of the historical 'Hulks' as described in the chapter?

The concept of 'collective incapacitation' is best described as a strategy that is...

A key reason for the rapid growth in the US prison population in the 1980s and 1990s was that attitudes led to what kind of punishments?

The text states that in the shift from collective to selective incapacitation, there is now a more _____ approach.

What is the fundamental purpose of incapacitation that distinguishes it from deterrence?

What does the text suggest about the effectiveness of policies like selective incapacitation?

The rapid growth in the US prison population was partly due to more people being sentenced to prison who previously might have received what?

Which of these policies is the best example of selective incapacitation?

What is the relationship between the 'fear of crime' and the 'politicization of punishment' as described in the text?

The text suggests that the shift to a more selective approach to incapacitation represents a move away from what?

What is the time frame for the incapacitative ideology that 'followed this design for several decades' before the implementation of three-strikes policies?

Which of the following best describes the goal of selective incapacitation?

The chapter implies that the main audience for 'tough on crime' political campaigns were people motivated by what?

What is the final question posed by the text before transitioning to the chapter on rehabilitation?