5.7. Biological and Psychological Positivism

What is the fundamental assumption of trait theories as described in the chapter on biological and psychological positivism?

According to the text, what does the term 'hard determinism' imply in the context of early biological and psychological theories?

Who wrote 'The Criminal Man' in 1876, proposing that some offenders were 'born criminals'?

What proportion of offenders did Cesare Lombroso claim were 'born criminals'?

What does the term 'atavistic,' as used by Lombroso, mean?

Which of the following is listed as a physical feature that Lombroso believed deviated from the 'normal' population?

How did Charles Goring expand on Cesare Lombroso's theory of criminal traits?

Who created the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Test and believed that intelligence was dynamic and could change?

What was H.H. Goddard's view on intelligence, contrasting with Alfred Binet's?

The United States Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell in 1927 had what major implication related to the ideas of H.H. Goddard?

According to the 1977 research by Hirschi & Hindelang, how does intelligence compare to race and social class in predicting delinquency?

What is the modern biological perspective on the 'nature versus nurture' debate regarding criminal behavior?

According to the text, what can often mitigate the impact of genetic variations that put an individual at risk for anti-social behaviors?

What is an example of a proximate cause linked to aggressive behavior mentioned in the chapter?

What did the Gluecks' 1950 study determine about the concept of a 'criminal personality'?

Which personality trait is listed in the text as being linked to criminal behavior?

In their 1994 study, what two 'super traits' did Caspi et al. find to be 'robust correlates of delinquency'?

What was the significant, though later rejected, contribution of Cesare Lombroso's theory to the field of criminology?

What historical event led Cesare Lombroso to believe that differences in criminals were biologically inherited?

The text indicates that H.H. Goddard was an early advocate for sterilizing a specific group he labeled as what?

What is the key problem identified in the text regarding the relationship between testosterone levels and aggressive behavior?

The summary of biological and psychological positivism concludes that these factors play a role in criminal behavior, but what can we not say with certainty?

Which publication, authored by Charles Goring, claimed there were statistical differences in physical attributes and mental defects among convicts?

What is the final point made in the chapter regarding the interaction between our social environment and our biology/personality?

What does the text suggest is the real danger when it comes to personality characteristics and crime?