9.2. Intermediate Sanctions

According to the text, approximately how many individuals are under some form of community supervision, such as probation or parole?

What fundamental shift in corrections during the late 1970s and early 1980s is cited as a primary reason for the rise of intermediate sanctions?

Who is considered the 'Father of Probation' for his work supervising individuals in Boston courts in the 1840s and 1850s?

What is the primary function of a Pre-Sentence Investigation (PSI) report in the probation process?

What was the approximate successful completion rate for probation in 2016, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics report mentioned in the text?

What is the concept of 'tourniquet sentencing' as described in the context of probation?

In the 1980s, a newer model of Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) created in Georgia shifted its focus. What was the primary emphasis of this new model?

What did a large RAND Corporation study find when comparing the recidivism rates of control-centered ISPs to regular probation over a 3-year period?

Boot camps, or shock incarceration, were designed on a militaristic ideal with the belief that a regimen of strict physical exercise would achieve what primary goal?

Why do boot camps often fail to reduce recidivism when they mix high-risk and low-risk offenders together?

In what location were Drug Courts first developed in the mid-1980s?

What is a unique characteristic of the Drug Court model compared to traditional adversarial court processes?

According to a report mentioned in the text, how much less likely were graduates of drug court programs to recidivate compared to a comparison group?

What is the core design or original purpose of a halfway house?

Halfway houses that serve a minimal function, such as providing a place to stay while reintegrating, are generally labeled as what type?

What is a primary reason the text gives for why house arrest would probably best serve individuals with low criminogenic risks and needs?

Community-Based Correctional Facilities (CBCFs) are described as having their greatest effect when they adhere to what set of concepts?

What did a study by Lowenkamp and Latessa on CBCFs find regarding the separation of offenders by risk level?

What is the primary goal of Restorative Justice (RJ) as an intervention following a wrongdoing?

How does parole differ from probation in terms of which branch of government typically operates it?

What is discretionary parole?

What does the '85 percent rule' related to truth in sentencing legislation stipulate?

What type of parole release is described as 'perhaps most troubling' because it is for inmates who have misbehaved and served their entire sentence?

According to the text, what was the primary attraction of intermediate sanctions when they flourished in the late 1970s and early 1980s?

What is the role of a 'Surety' in the early American courts, as exemplified by John Augustus?

Probation is described as a form of a suspended sentence. What does this mean?

Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) and regular probation are similar, but what is the core difference between them?

According to the RAND Corporation study on ISPs, what was the finding regarding technical violations?

In what decade were boot camps, also known as shock incarceration facilities, first developed in Georgia?

What is the approximate number of drug, treatment, or specialty courts currently operating in the United States?

When did halfway houses begin to appear in the United States, specifically in Massachusetts?

What is the function of an 'interventive' halfway house, as opposed to a 'supportive' one?

House arrest is a sanction where an individual is remanded to stay home, but with built-in provisions for what activities?

What is the overall benefit of Community-Based Correctional Facilities (CBCFs) compared to a State institution?

What is the first step in the Restorative Justice conferencing process described in the text?

At which event did the concept of parole in the United States begin, according to the text?

What is mandatory parole?

What was the successful parole completion rate in 1999, as mentioned in the Hughes et al. (2001) article?

What is the approximate total number of individuals on probation in the United States, according to the text?

Judges follow the recommendations in Pre-Sentence Investigation (PSI) reports approximately what percentage of the time?

The early version of Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) that began in California in the late 1950s had what basic premise?

What is a key reason that researchers find halfway houses difficult to assess for effectiveness?

What is the primary aim of Community Residential Facilities (CRFs), also called CBCFs?

In the context of parole, what is meant by a 'good day'?

Which intermediate sanction is described as being rooted in deterrence theory and, to a lesser extent, incapacitation?

According to the text, which state pioneered the development of boot camps in the 1980s?

Which of these is NOT listed as a reason for unsuccessful probation completion?

What type of parole is described as 'on paper only,' with no office check-ins, as exemplified by a concept in California?

When assessing the effectiveness of drug courts, the text notes that the results are mixed largely based on what factor?

What is the core reason provided for the general failure of boot camps to reduce recidivism?