Understanding Science

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Questions

Question 1

What are the three fundamental features of the general scientific approach as described by Stanovich (2010)?

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Question 2

Why is psychology considered a science?

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Question 3

What does the term 'systematic empiricism' refer to in the context of science?

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Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question?

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Question 5

What are the two primary reasons that creating public knowledge through publication is an essential feature of science?

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Question 6

The 'Many Labs Replication Project' is used as an example of which aspect of science?

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Question 7

In the replication attempt of the study by Simone Schnall and her colleagues, what was the outcome regarding the effect of handwashing on moral judgments?

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Question 8

What is the definition of pseudoscience?

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Question 9

The theory of biorhythms is used as an example of pseudoscience. What are the alleged periods of the physical, intellectual, and emotional cycles, respectively?

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Question 10

According to the text, a set of beliefs can be considered pseudoscientific if its adherents claim it is scientific and it lacks what?

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Question 11

What does the concept of 'falsifiability,' as argued by Karl Popper, mean for a scientific claim?

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Question 12

Why is the claim that psychic powers 'can disappear when they are observed too closely' considered an unfalsifiable claim?

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Question 13

Which of the following is NOT listed as a reason to be concerned with pseudoscience?

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Question 14

What is Cryptozoology, as defined in 'The Skeptic's Dictionary' section?

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Question 15

Which pseudoscientific practice involves treating medical conditions with substances diluted to the point of no longer being present?

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Question 16

The 'Many Labs Replication Project' was a coordinated effort to replicate findings from how many classic and contemporary studies?

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Question 17

The study by Mehl and his colleagues on the talkativeness of women and men is used to illustrate which scientific feature?

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Question 18

When scientists publish their work in open access journals, what is the main benefit described in the text?

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Question 19

Why must psychology researchers be particularly mindful of the distinction between empirical questions and value judgments?

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Question 20

What potential reason was suggested for the failure to replicate the handwashing study by Schnall et al.?

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Question 21

The text states that a set of beliefs is pseudoscientific if it lacks systematic empiricism. What does this mean in practice?

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Question 22

What is the consequence if a pseudoscience lacks 'public knowledge'?

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Question 23

According to the text, the general agreement among philosophers and scientists is that the commonality among different sciences lies in their:

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Question 24

What is described as a 'large scale collaboration among many researchers distributed across both time and space'?

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Question 25

The study of graphology (handwriting analysis) is mentioned as an example of what?

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Question 26

What is the essential difference between an empirical question and a value judgment?

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Question 27

Why are scientists described as 'unique' in their insistence on checking ideas against systematic observations?

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Question 28

What does it mean for science to be 'self-correcting'?

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Question 29

The theory of biorhythms claims that peoples' physical, intellectual, and emotional abilities run in cycles that begin at what point?

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Question 30

Which of the following claims is presented as an example of a falsifiable scientific claim?

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Question 31

Why is the promotion of pseudoscientific beliefs like homeopathy considered potentially harmful?

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Question 32

Past-life regression and rebirthing therapy are listed as examples of which category of pseudoscience?

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Question 33

What is the primary subject matter of the science of psychology?

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Question 34

The text states that our current scientific knowledge on most topics is based on what?

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Question 35

The research by Simone Schnall and her colleagues (2008) reported a fascinating effect linking physical cleanliness to what?

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Question 36

According to the text, what is a key difference between how science and pseudoscience handle relevant scientific research?

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Question 37

The intellectual cycle in biorhythm theory is alleged to have a period of how many days?

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Question 38

Why would the claim 'all swans are white' be considered falsifiable?

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Question 39

Which of the following online resources is recommended in the text for investigating claims that pertain specifically to psychological science?

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Question 40

What does the text conclude about the scientific evidence for biorhythms?

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Question 41

The 'pseudo psychology' mentioned in the text refers to what?

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Question 42

Which of the following would NOT be considered an empirical question?

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Question 43

What did the systematic observations by Mehl and colleagues reveal about the stereotype of female talkativeness?

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Question 44

The collaboration of many researchers across time and space is a key reason that science is considered a...

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Question 45

Which of the following is a characteristic of a pseudoscientific claim, according to the text?

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Question 46

The fact that scientists publish their methods in detail allows for what important aspect of the scientific process?

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Question 47

According to Karl Popper, if a claim is unfalsifiable, what is the consequence?

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Question 48

The emotional cycle in biorhythm theory is claimed to have a period of how many days?

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Question 49

Which activity is an example of systematic empiricism?

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Question 50

The text suggests it is important for psychology students to distinguish their field from 'pseudo psychology' because...

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Other chapters

Methods of KnowingGoals of ScienceScience and Common SenseExperimental and Clinical PsychologistsKey Takeaways and ExercisesA Model of Scientific Research in PsychologyFinding a Research TopicGenerating Good Research QuestionsDeveloping a HypothesisDesigning a Research StudyAnalyzing the DataDrawing Conclusions and Reporting the ResultsKey Takeaways and ExerciseMoral Foundations of Ethical ResearchFrom Moral Principles to Ethics CodesPutting Ethics Into PracticeKey Takeaways and ExercisesUnderstanding Psychological MeasurementReliability and Validity of MeasurementPractical Strategies for Psychological MeasurementKey Takeaways and ExercisesExperiment BasicsExperimental DesignExperimentation and ValidityPractical ConsiderationsKey Takeaways and ExercisesOverview of Non-Experimental ResearchCorrelational ResearchComplex CorrelationQualitative ResearchObservational ResearchKey Takeaways and ExercisesOverview of Survey ResearchConstructing SurveysConducting SurveysKey Takeaways and ExercisesOne-Group DesignsNon-Equivalent Groups DesignsKey Takeaways and ExercisesSetting Up a Factorial ExperimentInterpreting the Results of a Factorial ExperimentKey Takeaways and ExercisesOverview of Single-Subject ResearchSingle-Subject Research DesignsThe Single-Subject Versus Group “Debate”Key Takeaways and ExercisesAmerican Psychological Association (APA) StyleWriting a Research Report in American Psychological Association (APA) StyleOther Presentation FormatsKey Takeaways and ExercisesDescribing Single VariablesDescribing Statistical RelationshipsExpressing Your ResultsConducting Your AnalysesKey Takeaways and ExercisesUnderstanding Null Hypothesis TestingSome Basic Null Hypothesis TestsAdditional ConsiderationsFrom the "Replicability Crisis" to Open Science PracticesKey Takeaways and ExercisesGlossaryReferences