Interpreting the Results of a Factorial Experiment

In a factorial experiment with two independent variables, how are the results typically graphed?

What is a main effect in the context of a factorial design?

What does an interaction effect in a factorial design indicate?

When analyzing the results of a factorial experiment, when is it necessary to conduct a simple effects analysis?

What is a 'spreading interaction'?

What is a 'cross-over interaction'?

According to the example from the study by Kathy Gilliland, what type of interaction was observed between caffeine and personality (introvert/extravert) on verbal test scores?

In a 2x2 factorial design, how many main effects and simple effects can a researcher explore?

When is a line graph considered more appropriate than a bar graph for plotting the results of a factorial experiment?

In a study on driving performance, a main effect of 'time of day' would mean what?

If a researcher finds that the presence of one main effect says nothing about the presence of another main effect, this illustrates what principle?

What is the primary purpose of conducting a simple effects analysis?

How is a simple effect different from a main effect?

In a 2x3 factorial design, how many main effects and simple effects would a researcher need to look at?

In the study by Schnall and colleagues, the effect of disgust (clean vs. messy room) on moral judgments depended on participants' level of private body consciousness. This finding is an example of what?

If a bar graph of a 2x2 factorial design shows that the two bars for 'Level 1' of Factor A have a large height difference, while the two bars for 'Level 2' of Factor A have no height difference, what type of interaction is this?

In the caffeine study example, the researchers found that the positive effect of caffeine on extraverts was wiped out by the negative effects on introverts when averaging the data. This led to the absence of what?

On a line graph representing a 2x2 factorial design, what do non-parallel lines suggest?

In a 3x3 factorial design, how many main effects and simple effects would a researcher need to look at?

Why might a researcher conclude that a main effect is 'a bit misleading'?

In the study by Brown and colleagues on hypochondriasis and word recall, what was the key interaction they hypothesized and found?

If you are examining the effect of an independent variable at one specific level of another independent variable, what are you analyzing?

A study finds that a new therapy is very effective for motivated patients but has no effect on unmotivated patients. This outcome is best described as what?

In a hypothetical 4x2 factorial design, how many independent variables are there?

In a bar graph showing a spreading interaction, what might you observe about the heights of the bars representing one independent variable (e.g., red vs. blue bars)?

What does it mean if the number of main effects in a study depends simply on the number of independent variables included?

Line graphs are appropriate for representing measurements made over a time interval. What is this type of information also referred to as?

If a study has a 2x2x2 factorial design, how many main effects analyses can be conducted?

Imagine a study where an independent variable 'A' has an effect at level 1 of independent variable 'B', and a stronger effect at level 2 of independent variable 'B'. This pattern is an example of what?

According to the text, why might an interaction effect be of primary research interest in many studies?

On a bar graph representing a 2x2 design, a main effect for the variable represented by bar color (e.g., blue vs. red) would be seen if:

The chapter provides an everyday example of an interaction where your decision to go to a movie depends on two factors. What are these two factors?

What is the key takeaway from the discussion of the drug interaction between Viagra and nitrates?

If a researcher examines the effect of personality (introvert vs. extravert) in the 'no caffeine' condition only, what is this analysis called?

How does the number of simple effects analyses relate to the number of levels of the independent variables?

In a hypothetical 2x4 design, there are two main effects to analyze. How many simple effects can be analyzed?

If a line graph shows two lines that cross over each other, what does this visually represent?

When is it accurate to say that the main effects tell the 'complete and accurate story' of a study's results?

In the Schnall study, researchers used a simple effects analysis to find that for people low in private body consciousness, there was no effect of disgust on moral judgments. What does this specific finding represent?

What is the primary role of graphing the results of a factorial experiment?

If a line graph shows two perfectly parallel, upward-sloping lines, what can be concluded?

How many results of interest are there in a factorial design with two independent variables?

In a study with a quantitative independent variable like psychotherapy length (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks), what type of graph is most suitable for displaying the results?

What is the key characteristic of a crossover interaction in the study on introverts, extraverts, and caffeine?

If two independent variables in a study were 'type of psychotherapy' (cognitive vs. behavioral) and 'length of psychotherapy' (2 weeks vs. 2 months), what would a main effect of 'type of psychotherapy' mean?

When breaking down an interaction, a simple effects analysis examines the effect of each independent variable at:

In a line graph depicting a spreading interaction where one IV has a stronger effect at one level of another IV, what would the lines look like?

If a study with two independent variables finds no main effects but a significant crossover interaction, what is the best interpretation?

The analysis of the study by Brown and colleagues on hypochondriasis involved examining the effect of hypochondriasis on the recall of health-related words, and then separately on the recall of non-health-related words. This procedure is an example of:

The y-axis in a graph of a factorial experiment is always reserved for what?