Constructing Surveys

What is the first of the five cognitive processes that people engage in when responding to a survey item, according to the model presented?

In the cognitive model of survey responding, what is the final step a respondent takes before giving their answer?

What is an item-order effect in the context of survey responses?

In the study by Fritz Strack and colleagues on item-order effects, what was the correlation between general life satisfaction and dating frequency when the dating frequency item was presented first?

In the study by Fritz Strack and his colleagues, what was the correlation between general life satisfaction and dating frequency when the life satisfaction item was presented first?

When people are asked how often they are 'really irritated' and are given response options ranging from 'less than once a day' to 'several times a month,' what type of irritations do they tend to think of?

Among undecided voters, what percentage boost does the first candidate listed in a ballot receive simply due to their position?

What is a primary advantage of using open-ended questionnaire items?

What is identified as a significant disadvantage of open-ended questionnaire items for the researcher?

Under which circumstance are closed-ended items most appropriately used in survey research?

What is the most common number of response options on a typical rating scale in survey research?

According to the principles of survey construction, for which type of scale are five-point scales considered best?

For which type of scale are seven-point scales recommended as being most suitable in survey design?

What is the precise meaning of a Likert scale in psychological research?

In the BRUSO model for writing effective questionnaire items, what does the 'B' stand for?

What does the 'R' represent in the BRUSO model for writing questionnaire items?

In the context of the BRUSO model for effective questionnaire items, what does 'U' stand for?

What does the 'S' in the BRUSO model for writing effective survey items represent?

Within the BRUSO model, what principle does the letter 'O' represent?

Which of the following is the best example of a 'double-barrelled' questionnaire item?

When creating response categories for a categorical variable, what does it mean for the categories to be 'mutually exclusive'?

What does it mean for the response categories of a closed-ended item to be 'exhaustive'?

What is considered a good solution when it is not feasible to include every possible category for a closed-ended question?

What is a primary reason a researcher might choose to leave out a middle or neutral response option on a rating scale?

What are the two basic functions of a written or spoken introduction for a survey?

To encourage participation, what information should a survey introduction provide about the survey's sponsorship?

What information is crucial for establishing informed consent in a survey introduction?

What is the recommended practice for organizing the items within the main body of a survey?

Why are demographic items, such as age and gender, often presented last in a survey?

According to the cognitive model of survey responding, which of the following is a potential retrieval strategy a respondent might use when asked about their consumption of alcoholic drinks in a 'typical day'?

What is a primary reason that people tend to assume that middle response options on a survey represent what is normal or typical?

What is the primary purpose of using branching questions, such as first asking 'Do you generally like or dislike ice cream?' before offering a seven-point rating scale?

According to the BRUSO model, what is a key feature of an 'objective' questionnaire item?

What is a visual-analog scale as a response format in a survey?

In the context of a Likert scale, what is the purpose of using reverse coding?

What defines a closed-ended questionnaire item as being 'double-barrelled'?

In the cognitive model of survey responding, which step involves translating a mental judgment into one of the specific choices offered, such as a rating on a 1-to-7 scale?

What practice is recommended to mitigate against item-order effects in surveys, especially online ones?

In which stage of a research project are open-ended items often used?

What is a key difference between open-ended and closed-ended items regarding the effort required from participants?

How should a rating scale for a bipolar construct, such as liking, be designed to achieve the best reliability and validity?

In the context of the BRUSO model, what makes the question 'How many alcoholic drinks do you consume in a typical day?' potentially unambiguous?

According to the 'Relevant' principle of the BRUSO model, what should a researcher do if a respondent's marital status is not relevant to the research question?

In the final 'edit' step of the cognitive model for survey responding, what might a respondent do?

When creating closed-ended categories for religion, why is the set {'Christian', 'Catholic'} not mutually exclusive?

What is the primary function of the survey introduction in the context of respondents who are caught by surprise (e.g., by a phone call or email)?

In survey research where written consent forms are not always used, what part of the survey process is particularly important for documenting and establishing informed consent?

What is the stated reason for grouping survey items that use the same rating scale (e.g., a 5-point agreement scale) together?

Based on the BRUSO model examples, which principle is most clearly violated by the question 'Are you a gun person?'

According to the study by Strack and his colleagues, how did asking about dating frequency first impact the reported correlation with life satisfaction?