Key Takeaways and Exercises

What is the most common approach for researchers to include multiple independent variables in their experiments?

In a factorial design, what is the 'main effect' of an independent variable?

What defines an 'interaction' between two independent variables in a factorial design?

What is the primary purpose of a simple effects analysis?

What is a major limitation when including non-manipulated independent variables, such as gender, in a factorial design?

In a factorial design, how many main effects are there to consider?

According to the 'Key Takeaways', why are interactions often of specific interest in psychology research?

An exercise in the chapter describes creating a factorial design table for an experiment on the effects of room temperature and noise level on MCAT performance. What are the independent variables in this experiment?

The chapter's exercises ask the student to sketch graphs for a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. How many possible results, combining main effects and interactions, does the exercise list to be sketched?

Based on the exercise listing possible results for a 2 x 2 factorial experiment, which of the following is NOT one of the 8 scenarios to be sketched?

Which statement accurately reflects the manipulation of independent variables in a factorial design, according to the Key Takeaways?

What does it mean if a 2 x 2 factorial experiment has a 'Main effect of A; main effect of B; no interaction'?

In a 2 x 2 factorial experiment, what do the results 'No main effect of A; no main effect of B; interaction' imply?

How is a factorial design defined in the 'Key Takeaways'?

What is the consequence of finding a significant interaction on the interpretation of main effects?

An article title presented in the chapter's exercises is 'The Effects of Temporal Delay and Orientation on Haptic Object Recognition'. What is the dependent variable?

In the exercise describing an experiment on MCAT performance, if the experimenters manipulate room temperature as 'cool' or 'warm' and noise level as 'quiet' or 'loud', how many total conditions are created in this factorial design?

If a study has a result of 'No main effect of A; main effect of B; interaction', which of the following must be true?

Which combination of results from a 2x2 factorial experiment would most strongly suggest the need for a simple effects analysis to fully understand the findings?

Why can researchers be confident in making causal conclusions about a manipulated variable in a factorial experiment but not a non-manipulated variable?

What type of result is described as the 'overall effect' of one independent variable when averaged across the levels of other variables?

According to the list in the 'Exercises' section, a 2 x 2 factorial experiment can result in a main effect of A, a main effect of B, and an interaction all at the same time. What does this pattern of results signify?

If a researcher wants to examine the effect of an independent variable at each specific level of another independent variable, what analysis should be performed?

The exercise about sketching bar graphs for a 2 x 2 factorial experiment lists 'No main effect of A; no main effect of B; no interaction' as a possible outcome. What would a graph of this result look like?

The first article title listed in the exercises is 'The Effects of Temporal Delay and Orientation on Haptic Object Recognition'. How many independent variables are identified in this title?

Including a non-manipulated variable like gender in an experiment limits causal conclusions. Why is this the case?

What is the key feature that distinguishes an interaction from two independent main effects?

If you are asked to create a factorial design table for an experiment, what key information should it represent?

An exercise lists a possible 2 x 2 factorial result as 'Main effect of A; no main effect of B; no interaction'. This means:

How many independent variables are in a study with a 2 x 3 factorial design?

How many conditions are there in a 2 x 3 factorial design?

A researcher finds that a new teaching method improves test scores for students with high motivation, but has no effect on scores for students with low motivation. This result is an example of what?

When is it appropriate to conduct a simple effects analysis?

According to the Key Takeaways, all independent variables in a between-subjects factorial design are manipulated how?

The fifth article title in the chapter's exercises is 'The Effects of Reduced Food Size and Package Size on the Consumption Behavior of Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters'. This study likely involves which kind of variable?

If a researcher reports one main effect for variable A, one main effect for variable B, and one interaction between A and B, what is the minimum number of independent variables in the study?

A factorial design creates all possible combinations of the levels of the independent variables. What does each of these combinations become in the experiment?

The exercises mention sketching 8 bar graphs for a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. What does the notation '2 x 2' signify?

If a study finds that the effect of caffeine (present vs. absent) on test performance depends on whether a person is an introvert or an extrovert, this finding is best described as what?

When breaking down an interaction, a simple effects analysis examines the effect of one independent variable at:

A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design would have how many independent variables?

A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design would have how many total conditions?

If a study on room temperature (cool vs. warm) and noise level (quiet vs. loud) finds that students perform best in a cool, quiet room, but poorly in all other conditions, what pattern of results does this suggest?

Which of the following is an example of a non-manipulated independent variable that might be included in a factorial design?

What is the primary reason researchers often prefer to use factorial designs over conducting multiple single-variable experiments?

If a 2 x 2 factorial experiment on Drug A (present vs absent) and Drug B (present vs absent) finds that each drug is helpful on its own, but the combination is extremely harmful, this outcome is a clear example of:

According to the Key Takeaways, which statement best summarizes the scope of factorial designs?

An exercise asks to identify the independent and dependent variables from the title 'Effects of Expectancies and Coping on Pain-Induced Intentions to Smoke'. What are the independent variables?

When researchers use a factorial design, they can examine:

The existence of an interaction between two independent variables suggests that: