Putting Ethics Into Practice

What is described as the very first thing a new researcher must do to ensure ethical research conduct?

According to the introduction of the APA Ethics Code as cited in the chapter, what is explicitly stated as not being a defense against a charge of unethical conduct?

If a researcher is unsure about an ethical issue or how to apply a policy, what course of action is recommended?

When designing a study, what is the recommended starting point for identifying and minimizing risks to participants?

What is one way to modify a research design to minimize risk, as exemplified by Jerry Burger's 2009 replication of Milgram's study?

In Jerry Burger's 2009 replication of Milgram's study, at what specific shock level did the researcher always stop the procedure to minimize severe negative reactions in participants?

What is the primary purpose of using a pre-screening procedure in psychological research?

What is a recommended practice for maintaining the confidentiality of participant information regarding consent forms and collected data?

To minimize risks related to confidentiality, what guiding principle should a researcher follow when deciding what personal information to collect from participants?

According to the APA Ethics Code as described in the chapter, under which condition is deception in research considered ethically acceptable?

The chapter provides an example of how to eliminate active deception in a study about whether the age of college professors affects students' expectations. What was the suggested modification?

What form of mild deception is generally considered acceptable to use, provided it is revealed during debriefing?

If a research study poses minimal risk to participants, what level of benefit is generally considered sufficient to justify conducting it?

Under what circumstance does it become more important for a study to be well-designed, answer a scientifically interesting question, or have clear practical implications?

When weighing the benefits of research conducted by a student, what is mentioned as one of the benefits to the student researcher themselves?

According to APA Standard 8.05, in which situation is obtaining informed consent generally not necessary?

When recruiting participants for a study where informed consent is necessary, what is the first thing a researcher should do?

If a study involves keeping some information about the design or purpose from participants until debriefing, what should be included in the informed consent process?

What is the primary goal when preparing a script or talking points for the debriefing process?

Beyond revealing the research question, full design, and any deception, what is another beneficial action a researcher can take during debriefing?

What is the primary purpose of writing a research protocol to be submitted for institutional approval?

How should a researcher view the process of seeking institutional approval for their research?

What must a researcher do after receiving institutional approval if they wish to make a change to the research protocol that is more than minor?

What specific criticism of Milgram's study is highlighted in the 'Follow Through' section concerning his actions during the research process?

According to the chapter, what does maintaining integrity through the publication process and beyond require a researcher to do regarding their results?

Why does the chapter recommend seeking input from a variety of people, including nonresearchers, when identifying study risks?

What was the rationale behind Jerry Burger's decision to stop his replication of Milgram's study at the 150-V shock level?

In addition to questionnaires, what method did Burger use in his extensive pre-screening procedure to identify and eliminate high-risk participants?

To prevent unintentional violations of confidentiality when participants complete a personal questionnaire in a classroom setting, what is a recommended alternative?

What is the primary reason given for why a researcher should not ask about personal information like sexual orientation or ethnicity unless it is clearly relevant to the research question?

What is described as a form of deception that involves simply withholding information about the full design or purpose of the study?

In the example study about professors' ages, the active deception of using family photos could be eliminated. What was the core change in the instruction to participants?

What is a primary reason a researcher might ethically choose to withhold the specific research question until the debriefing?

When weighing the benefits of research, what three groups should a researcher remember to consider?

What type of psychological research is described as rarely being considered justified by its benefits?

Which APA Standard is cited as providing the specific points that must be covered in an informed consent form?

To ensure participants understand the study during the informed consent process, what should a researcher prepare?

In a study where participants are tested under only one condition, what should be explained during the debriefing?

In a hypothetical study on attitudes toward domestic abuse, what is provided as a practical example of offering additional benefits to participants during debriefing?

What is the consequence of rushing through the informed consent and debriefing processes?

As a new researcher, what is the minimum requirement for knowing and accepting your ethical responsibilities?

What set of information is typically required when writing a research protocol for institutional review?

If an Institutional Review Board (IRB) has questions or concerns about a research proposal, what is the recommended course of action for the researcher?

What does the 'Follow Through' section advise researchers to monitor their participants for during the research?

What is described as a researcher's scientific duty regarding their results?

What is a key reason for keeping consent forms and data safe and separate from each other?

After testing the first several participants in his obedience study, Milgram became aware of their severe negative reactions. Based on the criticism cited in the chapter, what should he have done at that point?

A student researcher, who is an emergency medical technician, wants to study sensitivity to violent images using gruesome photos. They greatly underestimate how disturbing these images would be to most people. This scenario primarily highlights which ethical challenge?

A researcher creates a detailed informed consent form but does not prepare a script or talking points to explain the study verbally to participants. This omission primarily fails to address which part of the recommended consent procedure?

According to the chapter, if research has the potential to upset some participants and thus poses more than minimal risk, what becomes more important for the study to be ethically justified?