Overview of Non-Experimental Research

What is the defining characteristic that is absent in non-experimental research?

According to the text, under which circumstance is non-experimental research appropriate?

What type of non-experimental research focuses on the statistical relationship between two variables with little or no attempt to control extraneous variables?

Which type of research design involves comparing two or more pre-existing groups of people at a single point in time?

What is the primary limitation of using a cross-sectional design to study the effects of aging?

Which research design offers a superior means of studying the effects of aging compared to cross-sectional studies, despite being more time-consuming?

How is a cross-sequential study design described in the chapter?

According to Figure 6.1, which type of research generally has the highest internal validity?

What is meant by qualitative research as described in the chapter?

In Rosenhan's study of psychiatric wards, what form did the data primarily take?

What does the text suggest about the internal validity of a poorly designed experiment compared to a well-designed quasi-experiment?

Milgram's original obedience study, where he observed all participants performing the same task under the same conditions, is an example of what type of research?

If a researcher studies the relationship between students' self-esteem and their GPAs by collecting data on both, what type of research is this?

What is the primary reason that most psychological research uses non-experimental methods instead of experimental ones?

Why do researchers consider quasi-experimental research to fall in the middle in terms of internal validity?

What advantage do cross-sequential studies have over purely longitudinal studies?

The study by Loftus and Pickrell on implanting false memories is given as an example of what type of non-experimental research?

If a researcher finds two similar schools, starts an anti-bullying program in one, and finds fewer bullying incidents in the 'treatment school', what kind of study is this and why is its internal validity limited?

Which goal of science is a non-experimental approach most appropriate for if the research question pertains to causal relationships?

The analysis in Rosenhan's study, consisting of a written description of pseudopatients' experiences supported by examples, is an example of what type of data analysis?

What is a major advantage of a longitudinal study design?

In the context of research on change over time, how many age groups might a cross-sequential study follow over a ten-year period, according to the example in the text?

Non-experimental research is considered lowest in internal validity primarily because these designs fail to use what?

If a research question is broad and exploratory, such as 'what is it like to be a working mother diagnosed with depression?', which research approach is most appropriate?

What are the two broad categories that non-experimental research falls into, as described in the chapter?

Why is it stated that experimental and non-experimental approaches can be used in complementary ways?

Observational research is non-experimental because it focuses on making observations of behavior without what?

In Rosenhan's qualitative study, what did he note to illustrate the hospital staff’s tendency to 'depersonalize' patients?

When is non-experimental research necessary due to ethical or practical reasons?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research as described in the chapter?

On the spectrum of internal validity presented in Figure 6.1, where does quasi-experimental research typically lie?

A study that measures changes over a ten-year period among participants in the 20, 30, and 40 year-old age groups is an example of what kind of study?

Most researchers in psychology consider the distinction between experimental and non-experimental research to be...

Which type of non-experimental study is defined by its focus on observing behavior in its natural or lab setting without any intervention or manipulation?

Internal validity is defined in the chapter as the extent to which the design of a study supports what conclusion?

What is the term for the effect where differences between age groups in a cross-sectional study might be due to the generation people come from, rather than age itself?

If the goal of research is simply to describe or to predict, which approach is generally considered appropriate?

In the context of the internal validity of different study types, what does Figure 6.1 suggest about a well-designed quasi-experiment?

How many classic studies are listed at the beginning of Chapter 6 that have the common feature of not being experiments?

Which type of analysis, mentioned as an alternative to a written description in qualitative research, would focus on themes that emerge in the data?

If a psychologist wishes to study aging by following a group of 20-year-olds until they are 40, what research design are they using?

What is the key difference between correlational research and observational research as categorized in the chapter?

According to the chapter, why is an inability to make causal conclusions not a reason to consider non-experimental research less important than experimental research?

A researcher compares memory scores of young adults (18-25 years) with older adults (60-75 years). What is this design called?

Internal validity is only one of several validities to consider in research. Where in the text is this point noted?

What type of data analysis focuses on the way words were said in an interview or focus group?

In nearly a third of the participants in the Loftus and Pickrell study, what outcome was observed?

When comparing experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental research, why is the latter considered the lowest in internal validity?

What does a longitudinal study require that makes it a significant undertaking for both the researcher and participants?

If a research question is about whether there is a correlation between verbal intelligence and mathematical intelligence, which approach is most suitable?