Single-Subject Research Designs

In a single-subject research study, what is the term for the phase where the level of responding is measured before any treatment is introduced?

What is the primary purpose of the 'reversal' in an ABA reversal design?

A researcher studies the effect of a new organizational strategy on the productivity of an office worker. She measures productivity on two tasks: writing reports and making sales calls. She first establishes a baseline for both, then introduces the strategy for report writing, and later introduces the same strategy for sales calls. What type of design is this?

According to the 'Data Analysis in Single-Subject Research' section, what is the term for the time it takes for the dependent variable to begin changing after a change in conditions?

In which situation would a multiple-baseline design be preferable to a reversal design?

What is the 'steady state strategy' in single-subject research?

A researcher designs a study where a student's studying behavior is measured at baseline (A), then a positive attention treatment is introduced (B), then a mild punishment treatment is introduced (C), then the student returns to baseline (A), and the treatments are reintroduced in reverse order (C, then B). What is this design called?

What is the primary method of data analysis in single-subject research?

What does a high percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) indicate?

In the study by Ross and Horner on a school-wide bullying prevention program, how did the researchers use a multiple-baseline design to strengthen their conclusions?

A design where two or more treatments, such as positive attention and mild punishment, are switched relatively quickly on a regular schedule (e.g., daily) is known as what?

Visual inspection of a single-subject data graph reveals that the data points are much lower in the treatment condition than in the baseline condition. This observation relates to which factor of visual inspection?

What is a potential problem with a reversal design that might lead a researcher to choose a multiple-baseline design instead?

In a multiple-baseline design across settings, how is the treatment introduced?

An AB design is essentially an interrupted time-series design applied to an individual. What is the main problem with this design that the reversal in an ABA design helps to solve?

What is the key feature of a multiple-baseline design that allows researchers to infer causality?

In the study by Hall and his colleagues, Robbie’s studying time was measured. It was low during the first baseline, increased during the first treatment, decreased during the second baseline, and increased again during the second treatment. What type of design was employed?

If a researcher observes a gradual decrease in an unwanted behavior across observations after a treatment is introduced, this observation relates to which aspect of visual inspection?

What is the definition of the 'percentage of non-overlapping data' (PND)?

In the context of single-subject research, what do the capital letters A, B, and C typically designate?

A close relative of the basic reversal design that allows for the evaluation of more than one treatment, such as a baseline followed by phases for Treatment X and Treatment Y, is called a:

When is an alternating treatments design considered a quick and effective way of comparing treatments?

According to the chapter, what was the percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) for Robbie's study time in the study by Hall and his colleagues?

In a multiple-baseline design across participants, the logic is that if the dependent variable changes for multiple participants when the treatment is introduced at different times for each, it is unlikely to be a what?

If visual inspection of a graph shows that an unwanted behavior was increasing during baseline and then begins to decrease upon the introduction of the treatment, this change in the _________ is especially telling.

What is the most basic single-subject research design, also called the ABA design?

Which single-subject design extends the basic reversal design by reintroducing the treatment after the second baseline phase?

When analyzing single-subject data, formal statistical approaches are generally considered a what?

In a multiple-baseline design, a researcher establishes baselines for a child's reading time at school and at home, then introduces a positive attention treatment first at school, and later at home. This is an example of a multiple-baseline design across what?

Why might a single-subject researcher using visual inspection find a pattern of results in the bottom panel of Figure 10.4 to be unconvincing of a treatment effect?

What is the primary feature that distinguishes a multiple-treatment reversal design from a basic ABAB design?

Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors taken into account during visual inspection of single-subject data?

A researcher wants to study the effect of goal-setting on the productivity of a worker with two main tasks: making sales calls and writing reports. A baseline is established for both tasks, then the goal-setting treatment is applied to sales calls, and after productivity stabilizes, the treatment is applied to report writing. This is a multiple-baseline design across what?

What is a major reason that the change from one condition to the next in single-subject research typically depends on the participant's behavior rather than a fixed amount of time?

In a study where a treatment has a lasting effect and the dependent variable does not return to baseline after the treatment is removed, which design would be most compromised?

In the Ross and Horner (2009) study on a bullying prevention program, how many weeks passed between the implementation of the program at the first school and the implementation at the third school?

A researcher studies a disruptive student's behavior. The design is: baseline (A), then positive attention (B), then mild punishment (C). What kind of design is this, assuming it stops there?

What is a general feature of all single-subject research designs illustrated in Figure 10.1?

If a dependent variable shows a consistent pattern of responding from one observation to the next within a condition, it is said to have reached a what?

In the bottom panel of Figure 10.4, which factor most strongly suggests the treatment was ineffective?

What is the baseline phase in a reversal design considered to be?

The logic of a multiple-baseline design across behaviors relies on the idea that if a treatment is effective, productivity will increase on a task only after the treatment is introduced for that specific task. If productivity on both tasks increases when the treatment is introduced for only the first task, what does this suggest?

What is one of the statistical procedures mentioned in the chapter that can be used as a supplement to visual inspection?

If a single-subject graph shows a dependent variable changing immediately after the introduction of a treatment, this provides evidence for a short what?

The use of an ABA design, as opposed to a simple AB design, is primarily to address threats to what?

How many different types of multiple-baseline designs are considered in the chapter?

Which single-subject design does not require the removal of a treatment to demonstrate its effectiveness?

In single-subject research, data are typically plotted with the dependent variable on the y-axis and what on the x-axis?

According to the chapter, why is it preferable to have a dependent variable reach a steady state before changing conditions?

A design represented as ABCACB would be a specific instance of what broader design category?