Complex Correlation

What is a correlation matrix primarily used for in complex correlational research?

In the Cacioppo and Petty (1982) study, what was the correlation between the need for cognition and intelligence?

Which statistical technique is used to organize a large number of conceptually similar variables into a smaller number of clusters, which are interpreted as underlying constructs?

In the music preference study by Rentfrow and Gosling, which music genre had the highest factor loading on the 'Intense and Rebellious' dimension?

What is the primary way that complex correlational research explores possible causal relationships?

A researcher finds a correlation of +.35 between watching violent TV and aggression. After statistically controlling for socioeconomic status (SES) using partial correlation, the correlation drops to +.03. What does this suggest?

What is the primary advantage of multiple regression over simple regression?

In a regression analysis, what is the term for the variable that is used to make a prediction?

Why is a correlation matrix in a research paper, such as Table 6.1, typically only half-filled?

According to the description of factor analysis, which statement is true about the identified factors?

What is a significant limitation of using partial correlation to explore causal relationships?

In the multiple regression equation Y = b1X1 + b2X2 + ... + biXi, what does 'b1' represent?

Based on the correlation matrix from Cacioppo and Petty's research, what was the correlation between dogmatism and social desirability?

In the music preference study by Rentfrow and Gosling, the factor loading for Soul/funk on the 'Reflective and Complex' dimension was .39, while its loading on the 'Energetic and Rhythmic' dimension was .69. What does this indicate?

If a researcher wants to predict a person's happiness (the outcome) based on their income and health (the predictors), which statistical technique is most appropriate?

The research by Radcliffe and Klein on middle-aged adults is provided as an example of complex correlational research. What did they find regarding optimistic participants?

In the study by Jouriles and colleagues, what was found about the relationship between physical aggression, psychological aggression, and psychological distress in adolescents?

In the simple regression equation Y = b1X1, what does X1 represent?

What does a regression weight in a multiple regression analysis indicate about a predictor variable?

In the factor analysis of music genres by Rentfrow and Gosling, which of the following genres loaded most strongly onto the 'Upbeat and Conventional' factor?

A researcher studies the relationship between coffee intake and alertness. They suspect that 'hours of sleep' might be a third variable influencing this relationship. Which technique would allow them to examine the coffee-alertness link while statistically controlling for hours of sleep?

According to the correlation matrix based on Cacioppo and Petty's research, what is the correlation between intelligence and dogmatism?

What is the term for the variable that is being predicted in a regression analysis?

If a researcher finds that the partial correlation between violent TV viewing and aggression, after controlling for SES, is +.34 (down from an initial correlation of +.35), what is the correct interpretation?

In the Rentfrow and Gosling study, how many distinct factors of music preference were identified through their factor analysis?

What is the purpose of regression as a statistical technique?

In Cacioppo and Petty's research, the overall pattern of correlations in their matrix was consistent with their ideas about how the Need for Cognition Scale should relate to other constructs. This is an example of using complex correlation for what purpose?

According to the factor analysis by Rentfrow and Gosling, which of the following is NOT one of the four music-preference dimensions they identified?

A researcher conducts a multiple regression to predict job performance (Y) from years of experience (X1) and level of education (X2). The analysis shows that both predictors are significant. What does this mean?

What is the term for the underlying constructs that factor analysis identifies, such as 'mathematical intelligence' or 'extraversion'?

In the study by Jouriles and his colleagues on adolescent relationships, how did they transform their measures of physical aggression for analysis?

If a researcher is interested in the relationship between self-esteem and GPA but is concerned that 'study hours' might be a confounding variable, what would a partial correlation analysis do?

In the factor analysis of music preferences (Table 6.2), the factor loading for Electronica/dance on the 'Energetic and Rhythmic' dimension is .60. What does this value represent?

Why do purely correlational approaches, even complex ones, have limitations in establishing that one variable causes another?

What is the primary role of the researcher after a factor analysis has been performed and revealed the underlying structure of variables?

In the multiple regression example about happiness, income, and health, what does the technique allow a researcher to examine?

A factor analysis organizes variables into clusters such that the variables are _______ correlated within each cluster and _______ correlated between clusters.

What does the text suggest is the best that purely correlational approaches can do when exploring causal relationships?

In the Rentfrow and Gosling study on music preferences (Table 6.2), which genre had a factor loading of .83 on the 'Reflective and Complex' dimension?

A researcher finds a correlation of +.50 between income and happiness. They are concerned that 'job satisfaction' is a third variable. If a partial correlation controlling for job satisfaction reduces the income-happiness correlation to +.45, what is the most accurate conclusion?

According to the correlation matrix in Table 6.1, what was the strength and direction of the relationship between need for cognition and dogmatism?

Which of these research questions would be best answered using multiple regression?

In the Rentfrow and Gosling study (Table 6.2), which music genre has the lowest (closest to zero) factor loading on the 'Intense and Rebellious' dimension?

What type of data did the researchers in the Jouriles et al. study on aggression end up with after transforming their variables?

If a multiple regression analysis of happiness (Y) on income (X1) and health (X2) is conducted, what does it mean if the regression weight for income (b1) is significant?

What is the value of the correlation between a variable and itself in a correlation matrix?

Factor analysis is a statistical technique that is particularly useful when researchers are studying relationships among which type of variables?

The factor analysis of the Big Five personality traits is given as an example where measures of warmth, gregariousness, and activity level are interpreted as representing which construct?

If a partial correlation shows that the relationship between Variable A and Variable B is unchanged after controlling for Variable C, what can be concluded?

In a study using multiple regression, what is the 'criterion variable'?