Describing Statistical Relationships

How are differences between groups or conditions typically described in psychological research?

What is the most widely used measure of effect size for differences between group or condition means?

Conceptually, what does Cohen's d represent?

In the study by Thomas Ollendick and colleagues on phobias in children, what was the mean fear rating for the education condition?

According to the guidelines for interpreting Cohen's d in psychological research, a value near 0.20 is considered what size of effect?

What does a Cohen's d value of 1.20 represent?

What is the primary benefit of using Cohen's d to describe an effect size?

In Janet Shibley Hyde's research on sex differences, which variable showed a large difference with a Cohen's d of plus 0.81?

What is the term for the average of the two group standard deviations used in the formula for Cohen's d?

What is the 'gender similarities hypothesis' proposed by Janet Shibley Hyde?

When are line graphs generally used to present relationships between variables?

What type of relationship is exemplified by data points that go from the upper left to the lower right of a graph?

The hypothetical relationship between the amount of sleep people get per night and their level of depression, which forms an upside-down 'U' shape, is an example of what?

What statistic is typically used to measure the strength of a correlation between quantitative variables?

What is the possible range of values for Pearson's r?

According to Cohen's guidelines for interpreting Pearson's r in psychological research, what is considered a large relationship strength?

What does a Pearson's r value of 0 indicate?

How is the sign (positive or negative) of Pearson's r related to its strength?

Computationally, what is Pearson's r defined as?

What is one common situation in which the value of Pearson's r can be misleading?

What does the problem of 'restriction of range' refer to in the context of correlation?

In the example of the relationship between age and enjoyment of hip hop music, what was the Pearson's r for the restricted range of 18- to 24-year-olds?

When are scatterplots typically used instead of line graphs?

What is a major limitation of interpreting a difference as an 'effect size'?

What was the Cohen's d value for the difference in aggression between men and women in Janet Shibley Hyde's research, and how is this effect size classified?

In the study by Ollendick and colleagues, the Cohen's d between the exposure and education conditions was 0.82. How would this be interpreted?

According to Cohen's guidelines, what Pearson's r value represents a medium-strength correlation?

What is the first step in computing Pearson's r, described as the 'mean cross-product of z scores'?

In a study with a cross-sectional design showing that a group of exercisers is happier than a group of nonexercisers with a Cohen's d of 0.35, what can be concluded?

What does a positive relationship between two variables, as shown on a scatterplot, indicate?

What was the Cohen's d value for leadership effectiveness in Janet Shibley Hyde's research, and what does this value signify?

If a Cohen's d value is 0.50, what does this mean about the two group means?

In the study on the alphabetical position of last names and response time to consumer appeals, how was the relationship visualized?

A relationship where points on a graph are reasonably well fit by a single straight line is called a what?

When comparing two Pearson's r values of plus 0.30 and minus 0.30, which one represents a stronger relationship?

What is a key reason to design a study to avoid restriction of range?

In the table showing sample computations for Pearson's r, what value was the final computed r?

If you are examining the relationship between scores on a self-esteem scale (which can have many values) for 25 students, what is the most appropriate type of graph to use?

In Janet Shibley Hyde's research, what was the Cohen's d value for the sex difference in smiling?

What is the consequence of Pearson's r being close to zero for a relationship that is strongly nonlinear, such as the U-shaped curve for sleep and depression?

In the study on phobias in children by Ollendick, which group had the highest mean fear rating, indicating the most severe phobia on average?

If a study with a very large sample finds a Pearson's r of plus 0.08, how would you describe the strength of this relationship?

What are the two considerations that determine whether it is more appropriate to use a line graph or a scatterplot?

If a Cohen's d is calculated to be minus 0.80, how strong is the effect?

In the context of the chapter, what would be the best way to visually present the results of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale given to 25 students on two occasions a week apart?

What was the overall Pearson's r value in the hypothetical data showing the relationship between age and enjoyment of hip-hop?

A Cohen's d of 0.20 means that the two group means differ by how many standard deviations?

Which of the following values for Pearson's r would be considered a weak or small relationship?

What is the primary reason it is important to make a scatterplot before using Pearson's r?

In Janet Shibley Hyde's analysis, a positive Cohen's d value indicates that men score higher, while a negative value indicates women score higher. What was the Cohen's d for reading comprehension?