General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation

Which enzyme is synthesized by tissues such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and heart, and is transported to the surface of capillary endothelial cells to hydrolyze chylomicron triglycerides?

What is the approximate concentration of free fatty acids in the plasma under resting conditions?

How quickly is half of the plasma free fatty acid replaced by new fatty acid, indicating its extremely rapid rate of turnover?

Under normal physiological conditions, how many molecules of fatty acid typically combine with a single molecule of albumin for transport in the blood?

Which type of lipoprotein is derived from the removal of almost all triglycerides from Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins (IDLs), resulting in a high concentration of cholesterol?

What is the primary function of Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDLs)?

In what form are more than 95 percent of all lipids found in the plasma in the postabsorptive state, after chylomicrons have been cleared?

What process occurs in the mitochondria to degrade fatty acids by progressively releasing two-carbon segments as acetyl-CoA?

What is the net gain of ATP molecules from the complete oxidation of one molecule of stearic acid?

Which condition, resulting from the accumulation of acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone, occurs as a consequence of starvation or in persons with diabetes mellitus?

What is the primary product of carbohydrate metabolism that is required to bind with acetyl-CoA for it to be processed in the citric acid cycle, a deficiency of which limits the oxidation of ketone bodies?

What percentage of the original energy in glucose is transferred to stored triglycerides during the process of fat synthesis, with the remainder lost as heat?

Which hormone's absence severely impairs the synthesis of fats from carbohydrates, primarily because glucose entry into fat and liver cells is unsatisfactory?

Which two hormones, released by the adrenal medullae during heavy exercise, directly activate hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase in fat cells, causing rapid mobilization of fatty acids?

By far the most abundant non-membranous use of cholesterol in the body is the formation of what substance in the liver?

A diet high in which type of fat is described as increasing blood cholesterol concentration by 15 to 25 percent?

What is the primary substance that makes the skin highly resistant to the absorption of water-soluble substances and helps prevent water evaporation?

What is the initial event in the development of atherosclerosis, which increases the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells?

Macrophage foam cells, which form fatty streaks in atherosclerosis, are created when macrophages ingest and oxidize which type of lipoprotein?

What is the primary function of apolipoprotein-E on the surface of chylomicron remnants?

What is the term for fatty acids that are bound to albumin in the plasma, distinguishing them from fatty acids that exist as esters of glycerol or cholesterol?

What is the primary location for the formation of almost all lipoproteins in the body?

Fat cells (adipocytes) in adipose tissue are modified fibroblasts that can store almost pure triglycerides in quantities as great as what percentage of their entire cell volume?

Which of the following is NOT a principal function of the liver in lipid metabolism?

The degradation and oxidation of fatty acids, a process that requires carnitine as a carrier for entry, occurs exclusively in which cellular organelle?

In the process of beta-oxidation, the beta carbon of the fatty acyl-CoA molecule binds with which molecule to become oxidized?

After beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver, two molecules of acetyl-CoA condense to form what substance, which is then transported in the blood to other cells for energy?

Under what circumstance does the body adapt to use far more acetoacetic acid than usual, preventing the development of ketosis?

The glycerol portion of triglycerides, used in their synthesis, is furnished by what product derived from the glycolytic scheme of glucose degradation?

When excess carbohydrates are available, they are said to have a 'fat-sparing' effect. What is the primary mechanism for this effect?

Which of the following is NOT one of the major types of body phospholipids mentioned in the text?

Which phospholipid is necessary to initiate the blood clotting process because it is the main component of thromboplastin?

What percentage of the cholesterol circulating in the lipoproteins of the plasma is in the form of cholesterol esters?

What is the effect of a lack of insulin or thyroid hormone on blood cholesterol concentration?

According to the text, which cells are responsible for producing endogenous cholesterol that circulates in the plasma lipoproteins?

What is the general term for thickened and stiffened blood vessels of all sizes?

What is the turnover rate of triglycerides in fat cells, indicating the dynamic state of storage fat?

Which substance is required to maintain the glycerol portion of triglycerides, and its insufficiency in fat cells can promote the hydrolysis of triglycerides?

Which statement accurately describes Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)?

What is the principal reason that the liver cells are more capable of desaturating fatty acids than other tissues?

After being transported into an active tissue, what is glycerol immediately converted into to enter the glycolytic pathway?

What is the net reaction in the citric acid cycle for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that is degraded?

In a person with severe diabetes mellitus or during starvation, why do large quantities of triglycerides appear in the liver?

What is the term for the fatty lesions that develop on the inside surfaces of arterial walls in atherosclerosis?

After triglycerides are removed from chylomicrons in the circulation, what are the remaining cholesterol-enriched particles called?

What is the total concentration of lipoproteins in the plasma on average?

Which hormone has a ketogenic effect similar to, but weaker than, that of ACTH and glucocorticoids?

An intrinsic feedback control system for cholesterol synthesis involves the inhibition of which essential enzyme when dietary cholesterol intake increases?

What are the first two steps of the two-step process for synthesizing fatty acids from acetyl-CoA?

The final stage of atherosclerosis, referred to as 'hardening of the arteries,' involves the precipitation of what substance with the lipids in the plaques?