Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism

What is the amount of free energy liberated by the complete oxidation of one mole (180 grams) of glucose?

Under the usual physiological conditions of temperature and reactant concentrations, how much energy is liberated by the removal of each of the last two phosphate radicals from an ATP molecule?

What are the three chemical components that combine to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Glucose represents, on average, what percentage of the final products of carbohydrate digestion in the alimentary tract?

Which enzyme, present in large amounts in liver cells, allows glucose-6-phosphate to be converted back to glucose and released into the blood?

What is the primary mechanism for glucose transport through the membranes of most tissue cells, such as muscle and adipose cells?

With the exception of liver and brain cells, the amount of glucose that can diffuse into most body cells in the absence of insulin is sufficient for what?

What percentage of their weight can muscle cells store as glycogen?

What is the name of the process that breaks down the cell's stored glycogen to re-form glucose in the cells?

Which two hormones can activate the enzyme phosphorylase to cause rapid glycogenolysis?

What is the net gain in ATP molecules from the entire glycolytic process for each molecule of glucose utilized?

What is the overall efficiency of ATP formation during glycolysis, representing the percentage of energy from the original glucose that is captured in ATP?

In which part of the cell does the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) take place?

For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized, how many molecules of ATP are formed directly within the Citric Acid Cycle itself?

Approximately what percentage of the total ATP created through glucose metabolism is formed during the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

What is the total number of hydrogen atoms released for each original molecule of glucose during glycolysis, formation of acetyl-CoA, and the citric acid cycle?

The chemiosmotic mechanism for forming ATP occurs entirely within which cellular organelle?

What is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be formed from the complete degradation of one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water?

What is the overall maximum efficiency of energy transfer when converting the energy from one molecule of glucose into ATP?

Excess cellular ATP controls energy metabolism by inhibiting which key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway?

In addition to ATP, what ion formed in the citric acid cycle also strongly inhibits the enzyme phosphofructokinase?

Anaerobic glycolysis is described as being extremely wasteful of glucose because it only uses about what percentage of the total energy in the glucose molecule to form ATP?

Under anaerobic conditions, the major portion of pyruvic acid is converted into what substance to allow glycolysis to continue?

Which tissue in the body is especially capable of converting lactic acid back to pyruvic acid and using it for energy, particularly during heavy exercise?

What is the name of the second important mechanism for the breakdown and oxidation of glucose, which is responsible for as much as 30 percent of glucose breakdown in the liver?

The hydrogen released during the pentose phosphate pathway combines with which molecule, which is significant for its role in fat synthesis?

When the body's carbohydrate stores decrease below normal, what is the process of forming glucose from amino acids and the glycerol portion of fat called?

Approximately what percentage of the amino acids in the body proteins can be easily converted into carbohydrates?

During fasting, approximately what percentage of the liver's glucose production comes from gluconeogenesis?

Which hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, is especially important for promoting gluconeogenesis by mobilizing proteins from body cells?

What is considered the normal blood glucose concentration in a person who has not eaten a meal within the past 3 to 4 hours?

After a meal containing large amounts of carbohydrates, the blood glucose level in a person without diabetes mellitus seldom rises above what concentration?

What is the term for the process where chemical reactions in cells are linked with physiological systems to provide energy for functions like muscle activity and glandular secretion?

What happens to fructose and galactose after they are absorbed from the intestinal tract?

What is the reason that storing large quantities of carbohydrates as glycogen does not significantly alter the osmotic pressure of intracellular fluids?

What is the initial effect of both epinephrine and glucagon that leads to the activation of phosphorylase?

During glycolysis, glucose is first converted into fructose-1,6-diphosphate and then split into two molecules of what three-carbon compound?

The conversion of two pyruvic acid molecules into two molecules of acetyl-CoA releases how many hydrogen atoms?

What is the principal function of the early stages of glucose degradation, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

In the chemiosmotic mechanism, the energy from the electron transport chain is used to do what?

The enzyme ATP synthase uses the energy from what process to convert ADP into ATP?

How many ATP molecules are produced for every two hydrogen atoms that are released by their dehydrogenase beyond the first stage of the chemiosmotic oxidative schema?

What happens to the excess pyruvic acid and hydrogen atoms when their quantities build up during anaerobic glycolysis?

The pentose phosphate pathway is especially important because it can provide energy independently of all the enzymes of which other pathway?

Glucose is preferentially stored as glycogen until the cells have stored an amount sufficient to supply the energy needs of the body for how long?

After the glycogen-storing cells are saturated, what happens to additional excess glucose?

What are the basic stimuli that increase the rate of gluconeogenesis?

By how much can insulin increase the rate of glucose transport into most cells compared to when no insulin is secreted?

During the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA, what vitamin derivative is required to form the coenzyme A portion?

What is the net reaction for the entire glycolytic process per molecule of glucose?