Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract

Why does the amino acid concentration in the blood typically only increase by a few milligrams per deciliter after a meal, despite the absorption of amino acids from digested proteins?

How do significant quantities of amino acids move into tissue cells from the blood, considering their molecular size?

According to Figure 70-1 and its caption, how many essential amino acids must be obtained from food because they cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by the body?

What is the primary form in which amino acids are stored within tissue cells?

Which types of intracellular proteins do not significantly participate in the reverse process of being decomposed back into amino acids for transport out of the cell?

What does the concept of 'Reversible Equilibrium Between the Proteins in Different Parts of the Body' imply?

What is the primary function of albumin, one of the major plasma proteins?

Where are essentially all the albumin and fibrinogen of the plasma proteins formed?

What is the approximate maximum rate of plasma protein formation by the liver per day?

How do plasma proteins serve as a source of amino acids for the tissues when tissue proteins are depleted?

What does the term 'essential' signify in the context of 'essential amino acids'?

What is the primary fate of excess amino acids in the circulation after the body's cells have reached their protein storage limit?

The synthesis of nonessential amino acids in the body depends mainly on the formation of what precursor molecules?

What is the process called 'deamination,' and what is its main purpose in protein metabolism?

What is the net reaction for the formation of urea in the liver?

What is the consequence of serious liver disease or the absence of a liver on blood ammonia levels?

What is the term for the 20 to 30 grams of body protein that are degraded, deaminated, and oxidized each day, even when a person eats no proteins?

Why is a dietary protein that has a ratio of amino acids different from that of the average body protein considered less valuable for nutrition?

Why are carbohydrates and fats referred to as 'protein sparers'?

How does growth hormone primarily increase the synthesis of cellular proteins?

What is the effect of a total lack of insulin on protein synthesis?

What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, on protein metabolism in most tissues?

How does the effect of testosterone on protein deposition differ from that of growth hormone?

Under what condition can thyroxine actually increase the rate of protein synthesis?

What is the turnover rate of amino acids in the body, as suggested by the text?

According to the text, what is the fate of excess amino acids in the glomerular filtrate that cannot be actively reabsorbed by the renal tubules?

Which tissues are mentioned as being particularly significant in the storage of rapidly exchangeable proteins?

What is the primary role of globulins in the plasma, aside from their enzymatic functions?

In a person with cirrhosis of the liver, what is the consequence of the reduced ability to synthesize plasma proteins?

The process of transamination, which is key for both synthesizing and degrading amino acids, is promoted by aminotransferases that are derivatives of which vitamin?

According to the text, what is the ratio of total tissue proteins to total plasma proteins in the body, which remains relatively constant even during starvation?

What is 'gluconeogenesis' in the context of amino acid metabolism?

What is 'ketogenesis' in the context of amino acid metabolism?

What happens to tissue proteins after several weeks of starvation, once stored carbohydrates and fats begin to run out?

What hormone is necessary for protein synthesis, to the extent that its total lack reduces protein synthesis to almost zero?

How do glucocorticoids affect the proteins in the liver, in contrast to their effect on most other body tissues?

What is the approximate increase in muscle contractile proteins caused by testosterone?

What happens if a person with severe renal disease loses 20 grams of plasma protein in the urine each day for months?

How much of the body's protein is estimated to be synthesized and degraded each day as part of the continual flux of amino acids?

Intravenous transfusion of plasma protein is an effective therapy for severe, acute whole-body protein deficiency because...

What is the keto acid precursor of the amino acid alanine?

Which amino acid is described as being present in large quantities in the tissues and serving as an 'amino radical storehouse'?

What is the primary substance to which the amino group from an amino acid is transferred during deamination?

In the process of deamination, after glutamic acid is formed by accepting an amino group, what does it become when it loses the amino group again?

What is the primary role of the urea cycle?

What are the two successive processes involved in the oxidation of deaminated amino acids for energy?

A protein that has a ratio of amino acids different from that of the average body protein is called a:

Which hormone is NOT listed as increasing the formation or deposition of tissue proteins?

What is the primary product of protein digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?

What happens to plasma amino acid concentrations when they fall below normal levels?