The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla

What type of nerve fibers innervate the sweat glands and what is the primary neurotransmitter they secrete?

What is the primary role of the adrenal medullary hormone epinephrine in metabolism when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?

During heavy exercise, what is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from the adrenal medullae on fat cells?

From which specific amino acid are the adrenal medullary hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, derived?

What is the approximate composition of the adrenal gland in terms of the adrenal medulla?

What is the primary mechanism of nonshivering thermogenesis stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system?

What is the typical ratio of epinephrine to norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla?

In the context of body temperature regulation, how does the nervous system cause piloerection (hairs standing on end)?

How does sympathetic nervous system activity in neonates contribute to thermogenesis?

What is the primary stimulus for the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

What is the mechanism by which sympathetic stimulation controls skin vasodilation and vasoconstriction for temperature regulation?

How are the catecholamine hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) stored in and released from the adrenal medullary cells?

In adults, what is the approximate maximum increase in heat production that can be achieved through chemical (nonshivering) thermogenesis?

What is the relationship between the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system?

What is the proposed mechanism by which sympathetic stimulation of brown fat leads to heat production?

How does the body achieve skin vasodilation to increase heat loss?

What is the effect of prolonged cold exposure on the heat production capacity of some animals, according to the text?

Which chemical messenger system involves substances secreted by glands or specialized cells into the circulating blood to influence target cells at another location?

The adrenal medulla is an example of a gland that secretes its hormones primarily in response to what type of stimulus?

During heavy exercise, by how much can the free fatty acid concentration in the blood increase due to the action of adrenal medullary hormones?

What is the functional consequence of the sympathetic nervous system stimulating the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medullae in terms of phosphorylase activity?

Where are the nerve impulses that control sweating initiated in the brain?

Which of the following messenger systems involves a chemical that is secreted by a neuron into the blood to influence target cells elsewhere?

What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system in controlling heat conduction to the skin?

How do the hormones of the adrenal medulla, epinephrine and norepinephrine, circulate in the blood after being secreted?

Which part of the adrenal gland is functionally an extension of the sympathetic nervous system?

The effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from the adrenal medulla are described as being the same as what?

What is the role of sympathetic nerve stimulation in the liberation of heat from brown fat?

How do adrenal medullary hormones contribute to energy availability during exercise?

What is the approximate weight of a single adrenal gland in an adult human?

Which nervous system pathway is responsible for causing skin vasoconstriction when the body is too cold?

Which chemical messengers are secreted by neurons into the synaptic junction to act locally on other nerve cells?

The release of which two hormones from the adrenal medullae is responsible for the 'ketogenic effect' of stress?

What is the primary mechanism by which the autonomic nervous system regulates sweating?

What is the primary heat-producing mechanism of action of norepinephrine released by sympathetic nerves onto brown fat?

What is the relative significance of chemical thermogenesis in adult humans compared to neonates?

Besides the adrenal medulla, where else do neuroendocrine hormones originate?

Which part of the hypothalamus is primarily responsible for causing shivering?

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation or circulating norepinephrine on cellular metabolism in the context of chemical thermogenesis?

What type of hormone are epinephrine and norepinephrine classified as?

Activation of hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase by epinephrine and norepinephrine leads to what immediate outcome in fat cells?

The autonomic nervous system's control of sweating is an example of what kind of innervation within the sympathetic division?

The 'ketogenic effect' of stress hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine is a result of what process?

What type of chemical messengers are secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid to affect the function of the same cells that produced them?

How does the nervous system initiate an increase in body temperature when the body is too cold?

What is the primary heat-generating action of epinephrine released from the adrenal medullae?

The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla is an example of which type of chemical signaling?

How does the body's response to cold change after several weeks of exposure in terms of chemical thermogenesis, as observed in rats?

Which chemical classification do adrenal medullary hormones fall under?

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous stimulation during periods of stress, regarding energy substrate mobilization?