Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease

What is the average skeletal muscle blood flow rate during rest?

During extreme exercise, by how much can skeletal muscle blood flow increase compared to its resting state in a well-conditioned athlete?

What is the primary cause for the temporary decrease in muscle blood flow during the contraction phase of rhythmic exercise?

What is the main local chemical change in active muscle tissues that causes arteriolar vasodilation and increased blood flow?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a vasodilator factor that helps maintain increased capillary blood flow during exercise?

What is the primary indirect effect of sympathetic stimulation on coronary blood flow?

What happens to the mean systemic filling pressure during exercise, and what is the primary cause?

During massive whole-body exercise like running, what is the typical increase in mean arterial pressure?

According to the graphic analysis of cardiac output during heavy exercise, what happens to the mean systemic filling pressure?

What is the primary energy source for cardiac muscle under resting conditions?

What percentage of the total cardiac output does the normal coronary blood flow represent in a resting person?

What happens to the blood flow in the left ventricular muscle capillaries during cardiac systole?

What is the primary factor that regulates blood flow through the coronary system?

Approximately what percentage of oxygen is normally removed from the blood as it flows through the heart muscle at rest?

What serious cellular consequence occurs from the loss of adenosine from cardiac muscle cells during severe ischemia?

Which of the following is a primary cause of acute coronary artery occlusion?

Following a sudden coronary occlusion, how long does it typically take for collateral blood flow to increase to a level that is often normal or almost normal?

An area of muscle that has zero flow or so little flow that it cannot sustain cardiac muscle function is said to be what?

Why does a subendocardial infarction frequently occur even when the outer portions of the heart are not infarcted?

What is the phenomenon called 'systolic stretch' in the context of a myocardial infarction?

Cardiac shock almost always occurs when what percentage of the left ventricle is infarcted?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor that increases the tendency for the heart to fibrillate after a coronary infarction?

What is the primary danger associated with rupture of an infarcted area of the heart?

What is the 'coronary steal syndrome'?

A normal person has a cardiac reserve of 300 to 400 percent. What does this mean?

Why is anginal pain often referred to the left arm and shoulder?

How do beta-blocker drugs, such as propranolol, provide relief for patients with angina pectoris?

In the surgical procedure known as aortic-coronary bypass grafting (CABG), what is typically grafted from the aorta to the peripheral coronary artery?

What is the primary cause of restenosis, which occurs in 25 to 40 percent of patients after coronary angioplasty?

How does the opening of dormant capillaries in skeletal muscle during strenuous exercise improve oxygen delivery?

What is the effect of epinephrine on muscle blood vessels, and which type of receptor does it primarily excite to cause this effect?

Which two peripheral circulatory systems are specifically spared from the strong vasoconstrictor effects of sympathetic activation during exercise?

In a laboratory experiment where arterial pressure is not allowed to rise, muscle blood flow seldom increases more than about eightfold. How does this compare to the potential increase in marathon runners during maximal activity?

What is the approximate average coronary blood flow in a resting person in ml/min?

During strenuous exercise, the work output of the heart can increase 6- to 9-fold. By how much does the coronary blood flow increase to supply the needed nutrients?

What is the primary substance that is thought to be released by cardiac muscle cells during hypoxia, causing vasodilation?

In what percentage of people does the right coronary artery supply the posterior part of the left ventricle?

What is the consequence for cardiac cells if a serious bout of coronary ischemia persists for 30 minutes or longer?

What happens to the infarcted area of the heart muscle soon after the onset of an infarction, in terms of its appearance?

What percentage of normal resting coronary blood flow is required for cardiac muscle to remain alive, even if it is not functional?

During which two periods is the heart most likely to fibrillate after a coronary infarction?

What is the typical composition of the replacement tissue that fills the area of dead muscle after a myocardial infarction?

What is the believed cause of pain in coronary heart disease?

In a person with severe aortic regurgitation, the enlarged left ventricle can sometimes pump a stroke volume output as great as 250 milliliters. What percentage of this blood typically returns to the ventricle during diastole?

Which of the following conditions is NOT a major cause of death following an acute coronary occlusion?

What is the primary function of drug-eluting stents used in coronary angioplasty?

In the graphic analysis of heavy exercise (Figure 21-2), what is the primary reason the cardiac output curve shifts to a higher level (from curve A to curve B)?

About how much does the coronary sinus contribute to the total coronary venous blood flow?

What is the main reason that vasospastic myocardial ischemia can occur in some people during periods of excess sympathetic drive?

In the later stages of recovery from a myocardial infarction, how does the heart compensate for the lost dead cardiac musculature?