Cardiac Failure

What is the critical cardiac output level required in the average adult to enable the kidneys to reestablish normal fluid balance?

In the progression of decompensated heart failure from point B to point C as described in the text, what is the approximate right atrial pressure?

What is the primary mechanism of action for cardiotonic drugs like digitalis?

In unilateral left heart failure, what is the primary cause of pulmonary vascular congestion and pulmonary edema?

At what pressure does pulmonary capillary pressure typically need to rise above to cause fluid to filter into the lung interstitial spaces, resulting in pulmonary edema?

What is the typical survival rate for a person who develops cardiogenic shock, even with appropriate medical care?

In a heart with an already blocked major coronary vessel, cardiac deterioration can begin when the coronary arterial pressure falls below what range?

For procedures like surgically removing a coronary clot or infusing streptokinase to be most effective in treating cardiogenic shock, within what timeframe should they be instituted?

What is the immediate effect of severe acute cardiac failure on peripheral capillary pressure?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause for reduced renal output of urine during cardiac failure?

What is the primary role of natriuretic peptides, such as ANP and BNP, during cardiac failure?

A lethal vicious cycle of acute pulmonary edema in late-stage heart failure can lead to death within what timeframe if not treated immediately?

What is the definition of cardiac reserve?

In a healthy, athletically trained person, what is the typical cardiac reserve?

In the graphic analysis of an acute heart attack, what happens to the mean systemic filling pressure within 30 seconds due to sympathetic reflexes?

According to the graphic analysis of decompensated heart failure, what is the primary reason the condition accelerates downhill from point D to F?

Following the administration of digitalis to a patient in decompensated heart failure at point E, what is the immediate effect on cardiac output at point G?

What is the ejection fraction (EF) threshold below which is considered to be indicative of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?

Which of the following describes heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?

In the case of an arteriovenous fistula causing high-output failure, what is the approximate cardiac output achieved at point B in Figure 22-8?

What is the primary cause of beriberi heart disease?

In the circulatory condition of beriberi shown in Figure 22-8, what is the approximate right atrial pressure at point C?

Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic measure mentioned for reversing the vicious cycle of acute pulmonary edema?

In the graphic analysis of chronic compensation after a heart attack, what is the mean systemic filling pressure after several days of renal salt and water retention (Point D)?

When a fall in cardiac output to about half-normal occurs, what is the potential impact on urine output?

Which natriuretic peptide is often used to diagnose heart failure or monitor volume status due to its significantly longer half-life?

What is the primary characteristic of high-output cardiac failure?

In the quantitative analysis of an acute heart attack, what is the initial cardiac output (at point B) before any compensation occurs?

In the treatment of decompensated heart failure with digitalis, what is the final, stabilized right atrial pressure after several days of diuresis (point H)?

Which condition is characterized by a heart that is unable to pump even the minimal amount of blood flow required to keep the body alive, often leading to death within hours to days?

How does digitalis increase the concentration of calcium ions in cardiac muscle fibers?

In severe, acute left heart failure, within what timeframe can pulmonary edema cause death by suffocation?

According to Figure 22-3, what is the approximate equilibrium value that the aortic pressure and right atrial pressure approach as cardiac output falls to zero?

Inappropriately high levels of which hormone are predictors for worsening outcomes in patients with heart failure?

What is the primary symptom that results from an exercise test in a person with low cardiac reserve?

What is the term for heart failure associated with impaired cardiac contractility and a reduced ejection fraction?

What is the normal range for ejection fraction (EF) in a healthy individual?

In the graphic analysis of chronic compensation following a heart attack, the cardiac output at point D has returned to normal (5 L/min). What is the right atrial pressure at this point?

Which of the following conditions is a constellation of disorders often called the cardiometabolic syndrome, which is commonly associated with HFpEF?

In the vicious cycle of cardiac deterioration during cardiogenic shock, what is the effect of a low arterial pressure?

What are the two primary methods mentioned for stopping the decompensation process in heart failure?

In a person with a healthy heart, what effect do cardiotonic drugs like digitalis have on contractile strength?

What is the term for the state of heart failure in which the failure continues to worsen?

Following an acute heart attack, what is the cardiac output after a few minutes of sympathetic stimulation but before fluid retention begins (point B)?

What effect does increased angiotensin II have on renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and water?

Why do patients with low cardiac reserve typically not experience major symptoms of heart disease while at rest?

What is the effect of an arteriovenous fistula on a person's cardiac reserve?

In the graphic analysis of a severe, decompensated heart, what is the right atrial pressure on the '2nd day' (point C)?

What type of heart failure does beriberi cause?

What is the final outcome if the chain of events in decompensated heart failure, as described from point A to point F, is not reversed?