Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain—The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus

What is the primary function of the lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus in the regulation of food intake?

What is the consequence of destroying the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus?

What is the primary effect of activating pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus?

Which hormone is released mainly by the stomach, rises during fasting, and stimulates orexigenic neurons in the hypothalamus to increase food intake?

What is the primary role of agouti-related protein (AGRP) released from orexigenic neurons in the hypothalamus?

Which hormone, released from adipocytes, circulates to the brain to signal that sufficient energy has been stored, thereby inhibiting food intake?

What is the primary mechanism by which gastrointestinal filling inhibits feeding?

According to the body mass index (BMI) classification, what range is considered overweight?

In the context of starvation, what is the primary cause of the initial, rapid depletion of protein stores?

What is cachexia primarily defined as?

What is the primary role of the amygdala in controlling food intake?

The release of which gastrointestinal hormone, mainly in response to fat and proteins entering the duodenum, contributes to short-term satiation and meal cessation?

According to the provided text, what percentage of obesity cases may be caused by genetic factors?

What is the most common known monogenic (single-gene) cause of human obesity?

During prolonged starvation, what proportion of the brain's energy can be derived from ketone bodies?

What is the primary role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) released by neurons in the arcuate nuclei?

In the United States, what waist circumference is often considered an indicator of abdominal obesity in women?

Which neural centers are primarily responsible for controlling the actual mechanics of feeding, such as salivation, chewing, and swallowing?

What is the term for the condition where extreme weight loss is caused by inadequate availability of food or by pathophysiological conditions that decrease the desire for food?

Which of the following is considered a key factor in the short-term regulation of food intake, helping to prevent overeating at each meal?

Obesity is typically defined as having a total body fat percentage greater than what value for men?

What phenomenon suggests that the 'set points' for feeding and metabolic control are at a higher level of nutrient storage in an obese person?

How many excess calories of energy intake are required to store approximately 1 gram of fat?

Which of these is a function of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) producing neurons in the hypothalamus?

What is the primary characteristic of 'leptin resistance' as a potential cause of obesity?

What effect does destruction of the lateral hypothalamus have on an animal's desire for food?

What is the primary anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) hormone produced by pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons?

Which condition is characterized by an abnormal psychic state where a person loses all desire for food and may even become nauseated by it?

In the United States, what waist circumference is often considered an indicator of abdominal obesity in men?

Obesity is defined as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than or equal to what value?

Which two hypothalamic nuclei are particularly important as controllers of both appetite and energy expenditure, containing POMC and NPY/AGRP neurons?

What is the primary effect of the gastrointestinal hormone peptide YY (PYY)?

What is the primary difference between hyperplastic obesity and hypertrophic obesity?

What role does glucagon-like peptide (GLP) play in regulating appetite?

An extremely obese person may have up to how many times the number of adipocytes as a lean person?

What is the primary cause for the increased prevalence of obesity in the last few decades, according to the text?

What are the two major classes of substances categorized by their effect on feeding behavior?

What is the primary role of the long-term regulatory system for feeding?

Approximately 80 percent of children who are obese become what?

What is the 'psychic blindness' that occurs after destruction of the amygdala related to?

Which of the following is an example of an orexigenic substance listed in Table 72-2?

Which of the following is an example of an anorexigenic substance listed in Table 72-2?

What is a major reason for the difficulty in achieving sustained weight loss through dieting alone?

How long do the hormonal changes that increase hunger, such as increased ghrelin and decreased leptin, persist after diet-induced weight loss?

Which inflammatory cytokines have been shown to cause anorexia and cachexia, particularly in the context of cancer?

What is the primary purpose of the 'oxygen debt' that is repaid after strenuous exercise?

What is the primary role of oral receptors in feeding regulation?

What is the typical duration of the inhibitory effect on feeding caused by oral receptors?

Which of these is NOT listed as one of the five types of signals the hypothalamus receives to regulate feeding behavior?

What is the primary physiological basis for treating obesity with gastric bypass or gastric banding surgery?