Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function

According to the provided diagrams, stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is primarily associated with which sensation?

What hormone is released from the paraventricular nuclei to cause uterine contractility and milk ejection from the breasts?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which serves as the body's 'master clock,' contains approximately how many neurons?

Damage to which area on both sides of the hypothalamus would cause an animal to lose the desire for food, potentially leading to lethal starvation?

The circadian rhythm is established by a feedback loop involving key transcriptional activators. Which pair of activators initiates the transcription of 'clock genes'?

Bilateral lesions of the ventromedial areas of the hypothalamus cause which set of behavioral effects?

The most potent areas for punishment and escape tendencies have been found in the central gray area surrounding which structure?

According to the text, which phenomenon demonstrates that punishment and fear can take precedence over pleasure and reward?

Surgical bilateral removal of the hippocampi in humans for treatment of epilepsy results in what specific type of memory deficit?

The Klüver-Bucy syndrome is characterized by a set of behavioral changes. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of this syndrome?

Stimulation of the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus primarily produces which cardiovascular effects?

Which photopigment, contained in specialized retinal ganglion cells, is crucial for transmitting light signals to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to entrain circadian rhythms?

The mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus are primarily involved in controlling which function?

Stimulation of a thin zone of periventricular nuclei, located adjacent to the third ventricle, is most likely to lead to what reaction in an animal?

Bilateral ablation of the posterior orbital frontal cortex is described as causing what specific behavioral disturbance?

Which hormone is secreted by the supraoptic nuclei to cause increased reabsorption of water in the kidneys?

In the context of learning and memory, what happens to the cerebral cortical response to a sensory experience that causes neither reward nor punishment when it is repeated over and over?

The 'thirst center' of the hypothalamus is located in which area?

Destruction of which gyri bilaterally would release the rage centers of the septum and hypothalamus from prefrontal inhibitory influence, causing the animal to become vicious?

What is the primary function of the amygdala, often referred to as the 'window' through which the limbic system sees the world?

Stimulation of which hypothalamic nucleus is associated with shivering?

In the molecular mechanism for circadian rhythms, what is the role of the PER and CRY proteins once they accumulate in the cell?

Which structure serves as the primary satiety center, opposing the desire for food?

Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus is associated with an increased general level of activity that can sometimes lead to what overt behaviors?

What is the primary effect of tranquilizers like chlorpromazine on the reward and punishment centers of the brain?

The hippocampus is described as having a different type of cortex than most of the cerebrum, which may contribute to its hyperexcitability. How many nerve cell layers are found in some areas of the hippocampal cortex?

Which structure is NOT listed as a 'less potent' reward center, secondary to the major ones in the hypothalamus?

What is the theoretical function of the hippocampus in learning, based on its evolutionary origins as part of the olfactory cortex?

Which of the following effects is NOT caused by stimulation in the amygdala?

What is the primary role of the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus?

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 2017 for discoveries related to which of these functions?

What is the result of stimulating the ventromedial nucleus and surrounding areas of the hypothalamus?

Which part of the limbic system is described as a transitional zone for signals between the rest of the brain cortex and the subcortical limbic structures?

The phenomenon of rage is normally held in check by inhibitory signals from several brain areas. Which of the following is NOT listed as a structure that helps suppress the rage phenomenon?

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) acts on which part of the kidneys to cause increased reabsorption of water?

What is the term for the affective qualities of sensory sensations, such as whether they are pleasant or unpleasant?

What is the primary consequence of bilateral lesions in the lateral hypothalamus?

The amygdala has abundant bidirectional connections with which key brain structure, enabling it to influence a wide range of autonomic and endocrine responses?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the rage pattern caused by strong stimulation of the brain's punishment centers?

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is unique because it contains neurons that, when stimulated, can lead to what outcome?

What is the primary mechanism by which the hypothalamus controls the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?

Stimulation of which area of the hypothalamus is associated with decreased heart rate and arterial pressure?

The phenomenon of 'jet lag' is caused by a temporary desynchronization between a person's internal circadian clock and the local day-night time. Which structure is primarily responsible for eventually re-synchronizing the clock?

When a weak electrical stimulus causes focal epileptic seizures in the hippocampus, what is a notable feature of these seizures?

Which of these hypothalamic areas is NOT involved in the regulation of hunger and satiety?

What is the primary emotional behavior pattern that occurs when the brain's reward centers are stimulated?

The text suggests that the hypothalamus regulates body water by two primary methods. What are these two methods?

In the Klüver-Bucy syndrome, the animal forgets rapidly. What other structure, aside from the amygdala, is known for its critical role in forming new memories?

Stimulation of which structure would most likely result in pupillary dilation?

What is the consequence of destroying the satiety center in the ventromedial nuclei bilaterally?