Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow

What is the fundamental principle of circulatory function regarding local blood flow control in most tissues?

What is the approximate blood flow to the inactive muscles of the body, even though they constitute 30 to 40 percent of the total body mass?

During heavy exercise, by how much can muscle blood flow increase compared to the resting state?

What are the two phases into which local blood flow control can be divided?

According to Figure 17-1, an increase in tissue metabolism to eight times normal results in what approximate increase in blood flow?

What happens to the blood flow through an isolated leg when the arterial oxygen saturation decreases to about 25 percent of normal?

What is the core concept of the vasodilator theory for acute local blood flow regulation?

Which substance is identified as an important local vasodilator, especially for controlling blood flow in the heart muscle?

What is the primary premise of the oxygen demand theory for local blood flow control?

What is the term for the cyclical opening and closing of precapillary sphincters and metarterioles, which occurs several times per minute?

What phenomenon is characterized by a temporary increase in blood flow to four to seven times normal after a tissue's blood supply has been blocked for a short time and then unblocked?

The increase in blood flow through a tissue when it becomes highly active, such as an exercising muscle, is known as what?

What is the primary mechanism for acute blood flow control in the kidneys?

In addition to oxygen concentration, which two substances play prominent roles in the control of blood flow in the brain?

What is the primary stimulus for the release of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells as blood flows through arteries and arterioles?

What is the approximate half-life of nitric oxide (NO) in the blood after it is released from endothelial cells?

What is the primary role of endothelin released from endothelial cells?

What is the usual stimulus for the release of endothelin from endothelial cells?

The process of increasing tissue vascularity, which generally occurs if the metabolism in a tissue is increased for a prolonged period, is called what?

What is the main principle that determines the level of vascularity in long-term vascular control?

Which of the following is an example of a vascular growth factor that increases the growth of new blood vessels?

In response to a chronic increase in blood pressure, what type of change typically occurs in small arteries and arterioles that constrict?

What type of vascular remodeling is stimulated by long-term increases in vascular wall tension in larger arteries that do not constrict in response to increased pressure?

Which of the following humoral factors is described as an especially powerful vasoconstrictor hormone?

How potent is the vasoconstrictor substance Angiotensin II?

What substance, also known as antidiuretic hormone, is described as being even more powerful than angiotensin II as a vasoconstrictor?

Which substance, when formed in the blood and tissue fluids, causes powerful vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?

Which substance, released from mast cells and basophils during tissue damage or allergic reactions, has a powerful vasodilator effect and increases capillary porosity?

What is the effect of an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration on local blood vessels?

What is the effect of an increase in potassium ion concentration on local blood vessels?

What is the effect of an increase in magnesium ion concentration on local blood vessels?

What is the effect of an increase in hydrogen ion concentration (a decrease in pH) on the arterioles?

In the autoregulation mechanism, what is the approximate percent increase in blood flow when arterial pressure rises from about 70 to 175 mm Hg?

What is the primary mechanism of the myogenic theory of autoregulation?

Which statement best describes the difference in long-term versus acute autoregulation of blood flow when arterial pressure is changed?

What is the phenomenon called retrolental fibroplasia, which can cause blindness in premature babies?

What is the first stage in the development of collateral circulation after an artery is blocked?

Which type of vascular remodeling occurs in response to chronically increased blood flow rate and shear stress, resulting in an increased luminal diameter?

What is the primary effect of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration on blood vessels in the brain?

What is the general long-term effect of chronically infusing a powerful vasoconstrictor, like angiotensin II, on tissue blood flow if it does not alter the tissue's metabolic rate?

What is the primary mechanism by which drugs like sildenafil (a PDE-5 inhibitor) cause vasodilation?

What is the consequence of vitamin B deficiency, known as beriberi, on peripheral vascular blood flow?

What happens to skin blood flow when humans are exposed to body heating?

What is the primary function of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism in the kidneys?

Which transcription factors are induced by a deficiency of tissue oxygen and lead to the formation of vascular growth factors?

What term describes the structural change in a large vein, such as a saphenous vein, after it is implanted as a coronary artery bypass graft?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a specific need of tissues for blood flow?

What is the main reason that tissues almost never experience oxygen nutritional deficiency under normal conditions?

According to the text, what is a likely combination of mechanisms that explains acute local blood flow regulation?

What effect do the anions acetate and citrate have on blood vessels?