Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals

What is the primary role of insulin when there is an abundance of energy-providing foods in the diet?

What is the average plasma half-life of insulin after it is secreted into the blood?

In the absence of the kidneys, what is the level of effectiveness of vitamin D?

What is the main reason that the brain's cells are largely unaffected by a lack of insulin for glucose uptake?

In a person with Addison's disease, what is the consequence of glucocorticoid (cortisol) deficiency on blood glucose levels between meals?

According to the text, what is the approximate daily intake of both calcium and phosphorus, which is equivalent to the amount in one liter of milk?

Which of the following describes the condition of rickets?

What is the primary cause of increased blood glucose concentration in type 1 diabetes?

In a state of starvation or insulin deficiency, what happens to fat metabolism?

What is the most important risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes in both children and adults?

What is the effect of human chorionic somatomammotropin on the mother's metabolism during pregnancy?

During fetal life, what is the primary nutrient used for energy?

Which vitamin is particularly important for the mother to have for adequate absorption of calcium from her gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy?

What is the relative performance difference in endurance for an athlete on a high-carbohydrate diet compared to one on a high-fat diet?

What is the primary function of the enzyme protein kinase A in the cascade stimulated by ACTH in adrenocortical cells?

What is the major determinant for switching between using carbohydrates and fats for energy in the body?

What happens to plasma concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipids in a state of insulin deficiency?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a feature of the 'metabolic syndrome'?

What percentage of the body's total calcium is located in the extracellular fluid?

What is the primary substance from which estrogens are formed in males?

By how much can cortisol secretion increase in response to physical or mental stress?

What happens to most of the glucose absorbed after a meal under the influence of insulin?

What is the function of the enzyme glucokinase in liver cells, which is enhanced by insulin?

What is the approximate percentage of ingested calcium that is typically absorbed by the intestines, under the influence of vitamin D?

In the absence of insulin, the enzyme hormone-sensitive lipase in fat cells becomes strongly activated. What is the primary result of this activation?

What is the primary cause of melanin pigmentation in most people with Addison's disease?

What is the effect of consuming a high-carbohydrate diet on the recovery of muscle glycogen after exhaustive exercise?

What is the approximate composition of total body fat for an average, nonathletic young female aged 16 to 19 years?

How does insulin promote fat synthesis and storage in the liver?

What is the primary function of the exchangeable calcium found in bones?

During the last trimester of pregnancy, the fetus gains weight rapidly. What is the approximate average weight of a fetus one month before birth?

How does testosterone contribute to bone development after puberty?

Which of the following hormones does NOT play an important role in the 'switching' mechanism between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism?

What is the primary effect of glucagon on liver glycogen?

A deficiency in which vitamin can lead to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women?

What is the primary role of progesterone secreted by the placenta during pregnancy?

During fetal development, which tissue becomes the principal source of red blood cells from the third month onward?

A newborn infant's blood glucose level frequently falls to as low as 30 to 40 mg/dl. What is the primary reason for this?

How long can the phosphagen energy system (ATP and phosphocreatine) provide maximal muscle power?

In Cushing's syndrome, the abundance of cortisol can increase blood glucose concentration to what level after meals?

How does insulin deficiency lead to protein wasting?

What is the role of pyrophosphate in bone calcification?

What is the effect of testosterone on the basal metabolic rate?

During lactation, a mother can lose 2 to 3 grams of which substance per day, potentially leading to bone decalcification?

Which condition is characterized by diminished organic bone matrix rather than poor bone calcification?

What is 'oxygen debt' in the context of exercise physiology?

How does insulin affect the function of the enzyme liver phosphorylase?

What is the primary consequence of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

In an adult, a severe deficiency of both vitamin D and calcium, often resulting from steatorrhea, can lead to which condition?

At what percentage of maximum is the cardiac output in a well-trained athlete during maximal exercise, indicating it is a primary limiting factor for performance?