Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate

According to experimental results, by how much can insulin increase the rate of glucose transport into a resting muscle cell?

What is the primary characteristic of brain cells regarding glucose uptake and usage?

At what range of blood glucose levels do symptoms of hypoglycemic shock, such as nervous irritability, typically develop?

What is the function of the enzyme glucokinase in liver cells following insulin stimulation?

What is the maximum percentage of liver mass that can be stored as glycogen?

Between meals, a lack of insulin, along with increased glucagon, activates which enzyme to cause the splitting of glycogen into glucose phosphate?

When the amount of glucose entering liver cells exceeds what can be stored as glycogen, what process does insulin promote?

In pancreatic beta cells, what is the direct effect of increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels derived from glucose oxidation?

Which of the following is an effect of thyroid hormone on carbohydrate metabolism?

What is the best-known metabolic effect of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism?

The condition called 'adrenal diabetes' is caused by an increase in blood glucose concentration that is occasionally great enough to be what percentage above normal?

What is the most important function of glucagon?

An injection of only 1 microgram per kilogram of glucagon can elevate blood glucose concentration by approximately how much in about 20 minutes?

During moderate or heavy exercise, how do muscles utilize large amounts of glucose without requiring large amounts of insulin?

When the liver functions as a blood glucose buffer system after a meal, approximately what proportion of the glucose absorbed from the gut is stored as glycogen?

How does insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver?

What is the primary controller of insulin secretion?

Which enzyme is considered the rate-limiting step for glucose metabolism in the pancreatic beta cell and the major mechanism for glucose sensing?

What is the effect of the hormones GLP-1 and GIP on insulin secretion?

How does cortisol cause mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues?

Which two factors are most potent in regulating aldosterone secretion?

What is the most obvious effect of growth hormone on the body?

How does growth hormone affect carbohydrate utilization?

For growth hormone to be effective in promoting growth, what two factors are necessary?

What is the primary action of the enzyme hormone-sensitive lipase in fat cells, and how is it affected by insulin deficiency?

In the absence of insulin, what is the consequence of excess fatty acids in the liver regarding acetoacetic acid?

Why is it important to maintain a constant blood glucose concentration?

Which of the following is a reason why an excessively high blood glucose concentration is detrimental?

What are the two major types of diabetes mellitus described in the text?

In severe, untreated diabetes mellitus, blood glucose can rise to what level?

What is the typical blood 'threshold' for the appearance of glucose in the urine?

Which condition is NOT a classic symptom of diabetes resulting from hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis?

What is the primary cause of Type 2 diabetes?

What is the most important risk factor for Type 2 diabetes in both children and adults?

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the 'metabolic syndrome'?

Which of the following hormones does NOT play a major role in the 'switching' mechanism between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism?

Which hormone is especially important for increasing plasma glucose concentration during periods of stress when the sympathetic nervous system is excited?

What are the two major effects of glucagon on glucose metabolism?

During exhaustive exercise, blood glucagon concentration can increase by how much?

What is the principal role of somatostatin secreted from the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans?

What is the normal fasting blood glucose concentration in a person each morning before breakfast?

How long does it typically take for the feedback systems to return blood glucose concentration back to the control level after a carbohydrate meal?

Which hormone is NOT considered to have an anti-inflammatory effect?

What is the primary way cortisol prevents inflammation?

How do sulfonylurea drugs like glyburide and tolbutamide stimulate insulin secretion?

What is the plasma half-life of insulin, and why is this rapid clearance important?

Which hormone has its secretion stimulated by high concentrations of amino acids like alanine and arginine, promoting their rapid conversion to glucose?

In the mechanism of insulin action on a target cell, what is the direct result of insulin binding to the alpha subunits of its receptor?

In the two-stage response of insulin secretion to a sustained high glucose level, what causes the second, more prolonged rise in insulin secretion beginning at about 15 minutes?

What effect does increased thyroid hormone have on the body's basal metabolic rate (BMR)?