Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

What two neurotransmitters are released by Type C pain fiber terminals when they enter the spinal cord?

How does the release and duration of action of substance P compare to that of glutamate from pain fiber terminals?

According to the text, what is the proposed explanation for the “double” pain sensation felt after a pinprick?

What percentage of fibers from the slow-chronic paleospinothalamic pathway pass all the way to the thalamus?

Where do most fibers of the paleospinothalamic pathway terminate within the brain stem?

What is the primary role of the cerebral cortex in the appreciation of pain?

Why is it almost impossible for a person to sleep when in severe pain?

For what reason is a cordotomy, a surgical procedure to relieve pain, not always successful?

What are the three major components of the brain's analgesia system?

In the brain's analgesia system, what neurotransmitter is released by nerve fibers originating in the raphe magnus nucleus into the dorsal horns of the spinal cord?

What is the role of enkephalin in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord for pain suppression?

The body's natural opiate-like substances, such as endorphins and enkephalins, are all breakdown products of which three large protein molecules?

What is the proposed mechanism that explains why rubbing the skin near a painful area is often effective in relieving pain?

According to the probable mechanism of referred pain, what is the relationship between visceral pain fibers and skin pain fibers in the spinal cord?

Why does highly localized damage to a viscus, such as a surgeon's cut, seldom cause severe pain?

Visceral pain originating in the thoracic and abdominal cavities is primarily transmitted through which type of nerve fibers?

In general, how is visceral pain referred to the surface of the body?

Pain from the heart is typically referred to which areas because its visceral pain fibers enter the spinal cord between segments C3 and T5?

What is the cause of the severe pain associated with herpes zoster, also known as shingles?

In Brown-Séquard syndrome, where the spinal cord is transected on one side, why are sensations of pain and temperature lost on the opposite side of the body?

Which of the following structures inside the cranial vault is considered almost totally insensitive to pain?

Pain stimuli from beneath the tentorium, such as in the posterior fossa, cause what is known as an 'occipital headache' referred to which part of the head?

One theory of migraine headaches proposes that prolonged emotion or tension leads to what initial vascular event?

Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for discriminating thermal gradations, along with pain receptors at extreme temperatures?

In most areas of the body, how does the number of cold spots compare to the number of warmth spots?

What type of nerve fiber is primarily responsible for transmitting warmth signals?

According to the receptor stimulation graph, at what temperature do the cold receptors begin to be stimulated and reach their peak stimulation?

What paradoxical event happens to some cold fibers at temperatures around 45 degrees Celsius?

What is the primary mechanism believed to be responsible for the stimulation of thermal receptors?

How do thermal senses respond to a change in temperature compared to a steady-state temperature?

What is the minimum rapid temperature change that can be detected if it affects the entire surface of the body simultaneously?

Where do thermal signals terminate after entering the spinal cord and crossing to the opposite anterolateral sensory tract?

What is the effect of removing the entire cortical postcentral gyrus on a person's ability to distinguish gradations of temperature?

What are the two types of hyperalgesia described in the text?

In the dual transmission of pain from an inflamed appendix, what type of pain is referred to the area around the umbilicus?

What is the lancinating or stabbing type of pain that occurs over one side of the face in the sensory distribution of the fifth or ninth nerves called?

In addition to pain, what other symptom does the herpesvirus cause in shingles as it is carried by neuronal cytoplasmic flow to the cutaneous origins of the axon?

What is the primary characteristic of the paleospinothalamic pathway for slow-chronic pain that leads to its imprecision in localizing pain?

Electrical stimulation of which two areas, where slow-suffering pain terminates, has a strong arousal effect on the entire brain?

What is the location and function of the 'pain inhibitory complex' in the analgesia system?

In the brain's opiate system, where are the two enkephalins primarily found?

What is the key difference between the 'true visceral pathway' and the 'parietal pathway' for transmitting abdominal and thoracic pain?

Which visceral structures are described as being almost completely insensitive to pain?

Which condition is characterized by infection of a dorsal root ganglion, causing a segmental type of pain that circles halfway around the body?

In a patient with Brown-Séquard syndrome (spinal cord hemisection), which modalities of sensation are lost on the same side as the transection?

Stimulation of pain receptors in the cerebral vault above the tentorium causes referred headache to what area?

What is the primary proposed cause of an alcoholic headache?

What is the typical density of cold spots found in the skin of the lips?

Why might freezing cold and burning hot sensations feel almost alike when intense enough?

How do thermal signals travel within the spinal cord immediately after entering?