Introduction to Endocrinology

What is the most common bacterium identified as causing caries, according to the text?

How does fluorine make teeth more resistant to caries?

What are identified as the major culprits in causing caries by dissolving the calcium salts of teeth?

What is the approximate duration for the entire period of spermatogenesis, from spermatogonia to spermatozoa?

Which hormone is essential for the growth and division of testicular germinal cells, the first stage in forming sperm?

What is the specific role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in spermatogenesis?

The central skeleton of the sperm's tail, known as the axoneme, is constructed of how many microtubules?

In what two ways are prostaglandins from the seminal vesicles believed to aid in fertilization?

What is the approximate percentage contribution of fluid from the seminal vesicles to the total volume of ejaculated semen?

What is the stated reason for the testes being located in the dangling scrotum?

A man is likely to be infertile if the number of sperm in his ejaculate falls below what approximate number per milliliter?

Penile erection is caused by parasympathetic impulses that are believed to release which neurotransmitters in addition to acetylcholine?

What is believed to be the source of about 80 percent of the total male estrogen production?

Approximately how many primary oocytes does the ovary of a female contain at birth?

What is the postulated cause for the atresia (involution) of all but one of the developing ovarian follicles each month?

Which hormonal event is necessary for final follicular growth and ovulation to occur?

What is the proposed function of the luteinization-inhibiting factor found in the follicular fluid?

What is a primary function of estrogens in the female body?

How do estrogens contribute to bone health and growth?

What is a major function of progesterone?

What hormonal change is the direct cause of menstruation?

What is the function of inhibin secreted by the corpus luteum in the female?

What is a possible explanation for the abrupt preovulatory surge in LH secretion?

Implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium ordinarily occurs on about which day after ovulation?

What is the most important function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

From what compounds are the estrogens secreted by the placenta almost entirely formed?

Which of the following is an essential effect of progesterone for the normal progression of pregnancy?

What metabolic effect does human chorionic somatomammotropin have on the mother?

The milk ejection, or 'let-down,' process is caused by a reflex that involves which hormone?

How does the act of a baby nursing promote continued milk production?

The hemoglobin of fetal blood has a higher affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin, and fetal hemoglobin concentration is about 50 percent greater than the mother's. What third factor enhances oxygen transport to the fetus, creating the 'double Bohr effect'?

What is the average weight gain during a normal pregnancy?

What is the proposed initiating cause of preeclampsia?

During which week after fertilization does the human fetal heart begin to beat?

To open the collapsed alveoli for the first time, a newborn's first breath requires generating a negative inspiratory pressure of more than what value?

What is the characteristic finding in respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) in premature infants?

What causes the foramen ovale to close at birth?

What is the primary cause of the functional closure of the ductus arteriosus after birth?

What is the normal rate of respiration in a neonate?

How does a neonate acquire a significant degree of immunity before its own immune system matures?

Why might a neonate be deficient in vitamin K?

In an infant born to a mother with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes (lack of insulin secretion), what is a common outcome?

What is the danger of administering excess oxygen therapy to a premature infant, potentially leading to the condition known as retrolental fibroplasias?

When measured in terms of strength per square centimeter of cross-sectional area, how does the female muscle's maximal force of contraction compare to that of a male's?

Which energy system is almost exclusively used for maximal short bursts of muscle power, such as a 100-meter dash?

In sports physiology, what does the term 'oxygen debt' refer to?

To achieve full recovery of muscle glycogen after an exhaustive athletic event, what type of diet is most effective?

In endurance athletics, what is considered the most limiting factor for the maximal rate of oxygen usage by the body (Vo2max)?

What condition can develop during endurance athletics on a very hot and humid day that is characterized by extreme weakness, confusion, and potential collapse?

What is a significant consequence of using male sex hormones (androgens) for a man?