Pulmonary Ventilation

Warming, humidification, and partial filtration of air are collectively known as what function of the upper respiratory passageways?

What is the total area provided by the extensive surfaces of the conchae and septum for warming inspired air?

Before reaching the trachea, the temperature of inspired air typically rises to within what range of body temperature?

What is the primary role of the hairs at the entrance to the nostrils?

The removal of particles from air passing through the nasal passageways by hitting obstructing vanes like the conchae and septum is known as what process?

What is the maximum size of particles that are almost entirely prevented from entering the lungs through the nose due to the nasal turbulence mechanism?

Particles between 1 and 5 micrometers in size often settle in the smaller bronchioles primarily due to what process?

What is the approximate size of cigarette smoke particles?

What fraction of cigarette smoke particles that reach the alveoli typically precipitates there through the diffusion process?

Which of these is a mechanism for removing particles that become entrapped in the alveoli?

The initiating stimulus of the sneeze reflex is irritation in which part of the respiratory system?

Afferent impulses for the sneeze reflex pass through which cranial nerve to the medulla?

What action of the uvula helps clear the nasal passages during a sneeze?

Speech is composed of two mechanical functions: phonation and which other function?

Which anatomical structure is primarily responsible for phonation?

What are the vibrating elements within the larynx that produce sound?

During normal breathing, what is the position of the vocal cords?

The pitch of vocal vibration is determined mainly by what factor?

The vocal ligament is attached anteriorly to which large cartilage?

To which structures are the vocal ligaments attached posteriorly?

Which muscles, when they contract, pull the arytenoid cartilages toward the thyroid cartilage to loosen the vocal cords?

How are high-pitched sounds produced in terms of vocal cord edge shape?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a major organ of articulation?

Which of the following is NOT included as a resonator in speech?

What happens to the inspired air before it passes beyond the nose?

Breathing air directly into the trachea through a tracheostomy can lead to what serious condition in the lower lung?

Particles suspended in the air are entrapped in the nasal passages because they cannot change their direction of travel as rapidly as the air. What property of the particles is primarily responsible for this?

What happens to particles that are entrapped in the mucous coating of the nasal obstructions?

How does terminal bronchiolar disease in coal miners develop?

What can an excess of particles entrapped in the alveoli lead to?

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main components involved in speech?

Where are the vocal cords located?

In addition to the degree of stretch, what other factor helps determine the pitch of vocal vibration?

What is the strong elastic ligament located immediately inside each vocal cord called?

The thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages articulate from below with which other cartilage?

How can the vocal cords be stretched?

What is the effect of the thyroarytenoid muscles on the vocal cords?

The change in voice quality when a person has a severe cold demonstrates the function of which structures?

The conchae are also called turbinates for what reason?

Before reaching the trachea, inspired air becomes saturated with water vapor to within what percentage of full saturation?

Particles smaller than what diameter often remain suspended in the alveolar air and are expelled by expiration?

To what extent is inspired air humidified even before it passes beyond the nose?

How do muscles in the vocal cords, such as the thyroarytenoid muscles, change the vocal cords to produce more bass sounds?

Which term describes the mechanical function of speech achieved by the structures of the mouth?

The sneeze reflex is similar to the cough reflex but applies to which part of the respiratory system?

In the process of turbulent precipitation, particles suspended in the air strike obstructions because they have more of what two properties compared to air?

Which cartilage is also known as the Adam's apple?

During phonation, what action of the vocal cords allows vibration to occur?

What is the fate of many particles smaller than 1 micrometer in diameter that are not expelled by expiration?

Besides the mouth and nose, what other cavity is listed as a resonator for speech?