Protein Metabolism

What is one of the principal effects of cortisol on the protein stores in essentially all body cells, with the exception of the liver?

While cortisol reduces proteins elsewhere in the body, what is its effect on liver and plasma proteins?

According to the text, the reduction of cellular protein caused by cortisol results from which two mechanisms?

What is a potential consequence of excessive cortisol levels on muscle function?

How does cortisol specifically affect the transport of amino acids into muscle cells versus hepatic cells?

How does insulin promote protein synthesis and storage with respect to amino acids?

Which of the following groups of amino acids is identified as being most strongly transported into cells by insulin?

What is the described effect of insulin on the ribosomal machinery related to protein synthesis?

How does insulin's action in the liver contribute to the conservation of amino acids in the body's protein stores?

In a state of insulin deficiency, such as in severe diabetes mellitus, what happens to protein metabolism?

What is the overall effect of thyroid hormones on protein metabolism?

What is the consequence of long-term, markedly increased levels of thyroid hormone on heart muscle strength?

What is the primary effect of testosterone on protein deposition and muscle development?

By approximately what percentage is the muscle mass of a post-pubertal male greater than that of a female, on average, due to testosterone's effects?

What is the primary effect of estrogens on total body protein?

The anabolic protein effect of testosterone leads to an increase in which component of bone?

What is the consequence of estrogen deficiency after menopause on the bones?

What is the primary mechanism by which insulin inhibits protein catabolism, especially in muscle cells?

What is the effect of an adrenocortical tumor that secretes excessive quantities of androgens in a female?

The synergistic action of insulin and growth hormone is necessary for significant growth because each hormone promotes the cellular uptake of what?

In the presence of excess cortisol, the immunity functions of which tissue type can be decreased to a small fraction of normal?

What is the believed reason for cortisol's differential effect of increasing liver proteins while reducing them in other tissues?

An adult male who is nonathletic but has normal testosterone levels will have muscles that are approximately how much larger than a comparable female without testosterone?

In a state of insulin deficiency, the degradation of amino acids leads to an enhanced excretion of what substance in the urine?

Besides its effect on muscles, where else does testosterone cause significant deposition of proteins?

What is the primary cause of muscle weakness in a person with hyperthyroidism?

Which of the following hormones has its protein anabolic function specifically cited as the reason for an increase in bone matrix?

What is the effect of administering only insulin or only growth hormone to a rat that is both depancreatized and hypophysectomized?

What effect does cortisol have on the formation of RNA in many extrahepatic tissues like muscle and lymphoid tissue?

In a state of severe diabetes mellitus, protein wasting is considered one of the most serious effects and can lead to what?

The protein anabolic effect of estrogen is much less powerful than that of testosterone and is most evident by a slight positive balance of what element?

What is the effect of a slight excess versus a markedly increased level of thyroid hormone on heart strength?

When does cortisol typically mobilize the basic functional proteins of cells, such as muscle contractile proteins?

A longer-term effect of insulin is to increase the rate of transcription of selected DNA genetic sequences, leading to the formation of what?

What is the effect of estrogen deficiency in old age on bone?

In severe hyperthyroidism, some severely thyrotoxic patients may die of cardiac decompensation. This is secondary to myocardial failure and what other factor related to protein metabolism?

What is the primary role of the increased plasma amino acid concentration caused by cortisol?

A male without functional testes does not develop male pattern baldness, even with a genetic predisposition. This indicates that baldness is dependent on the genetic background and what other factor?

How does the effect of estrogens on protein deposition compare to that of testosterone?

In a person with Cushing syndrome, what is the effect on tissue proteins almost everywhere in the body, with the exception of the liver?

What is the primary reason that a slight excess of thyroid hormone can increase heart strength?

What is the effect of insulin deficiency on plasma amino acid concentration?

Loss of protein from which specific tissue in Cushing's syndrome leads to severe weakness?

What is the impact of Cushing syndrome on the protein collagen fibers in subcutaneous tissue?

What is the effect of thyroid hormones on the rate of protein synthesis?

How does insulin deficiency lead to increased plasma amino acids?

Massive quantities of glucocorticoids, as seen in Cushing syndrome, have what specific effect on osteoblastic activity?

Besides the general protein anabolic function, what other factor contributes to the increase in bone matrix caused by testosterone?

In the context of hyperthyroidism, excessive skeletal growth can occur in children, but what is the ultimate effect on their adult height?

What is the primary function of the protein 'calbindin' in relation to vitamin D's effect on calcium absorption?