The Microcirculation and the Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow

What is the general internal diameter of arterioles before they branch to supply capillaries?

Which characteristic distinguishes metarterioles from arterioles in the microcirculation structure?

What is the structure called that is located at the origin of a true capillary from a metarteriole and can open and close the entrance to the capillary?

What is the approximate total thickness of a typical capillary wall in most organs of the body?

What is the typical width of the intercellular clefts, the slit-pores that connect the interior of the capillary with the exterior?

What is the believed role of caveolae, the minute plasmalemmal vesicles, in the endothelial cells?

In which organ are the junctions between capillary endothelial cells mainly tight junctions, allowing only extremely small molecules like water and oxygen to pass through?

What is the key characteristic of the clefts between capillary endothelial cells in the liver?

What is the most important factor found so far that affects the degree of opening and closing of metarterioles and precapillary sphincters, a phenomenon known as vasomotion?

What is the most important means by which substances are transferred between the plasma and the interstitial fluid?

How do lipid-soluble substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the capillary endothelium?

What is the primary pathway for the diffusion of water-soluble, non-lipid-soluble substances like sodium ions and glucose across the capillary membrane?

According to Table 16-1, what is the relative permeability of skeletal muscle capillary pores for glucose molecules compared to water molecules?

Based on the data in Table 16-1 regarding skeletal muscle capillary pores, what is the relative permeability for albumin molecules?

What proportion of the total body volume is composed of the spaces between cells, collectively called the interstitium?

What are the two major types of solid structures contained within the interstitium?

Among the Starling forces, which pressure tends to cause osmosis of fluid inward through the capillary membrane?

How is the net filtration pressure (NFP) across the capillaries calculated using the four Starling forces?

What is the average capillary pressure measured in the middle of capillaries in tissues like skeletal muscle using the direct micropipette cannulation method?

What is the average interstitial fluid pressure in loose subcutaneous tissue under normal conditions?

What is described as the basic cause of the negative pressure measured for fluid in the interstitial spaces?

What is the average colloid osmotic pressure of normal human plasma?

From the point of view of capillary and tissue fluid dynamics, which plasma protein is considered most important for creating colloid osmotic pressure?

What percentage of the total colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma results from albumin?

What is the average interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure in most tissues?

In the analysis of forces at the arterial end of a capillary, what is the calculated total outward force?

Based on the quantitative analysis of forces at the venous end of the capillary, what is the net inward force (net reabsorption pressure)?

In the Starling equilibrium for the entire length of the capillary, what is the calculated mean functional capillary pressure?

According to the analysis of the Starling equilibrium for the total capillary circulation, what is the net outward force?

What is the normal rate of net filtration of fluid in the entire body, excluding the kidneys?

The return of which substance from the interstitial spaces to the blood by the lymphatic system is described as an essential function, without which a person would die in about 24 hours?

Lymph from the right side of the neck and head, right arm, and parts of the right thorax enters which structure before emptying into the venous system?

Into which structure do essentially all the lymph vessels from the lower part of the body eventually empty?

On average, what proportion of the fluid filtering from the arterial ends of blood capillaries enters the lymphatic capillaries instead of being reabsorbed into the venous capillaries?

What special structure of the terminal lymphatic capillaries allows them to be highly permeable to substances of high molecular weight, like proteins?

What is the typical protein concentration of lymph formed in the liver?

Because about two thirds of all lymph is derived from the liver and intestines, what is the usual protein concentration of the thoracic duct lymph?

What is the total estimated rate of lymph flow in a resting human?

What is the total quantity of lymph that flows into the circulation per day under normal conditions?

According to Figure 16-8, what is the effect on lymph flow when the interstitial fluid pressure rises from its normal negative value to 0 mm Hg (atmospheric pressure)?

What happens when a collecting lymphatic or larger lymph vessel becomes stretched with fluid?

What is the potential increase in lymph flow during exercise due to the pumping caused by external intermittent compression of the lymphatics?

What is the maximum pressure that the lymphatic pump in a very large lymph vessel, such as the thoracic duct, can generate?

In the process of controlling interstitial fluid protein concentration, what is the initial event that leads to an increase in interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure?

What is the direct consequence of an increasing interstitial fluid pressure on the lymphatic system?

What is the primary mechanism that holds body tissues together, especially at points where connective tissue fibers are weak or absent?

If 2 milliliters of a solution containing 5 mg/ml of indicator dye are injected into a fluid compartment, and the final concentration after mixing is 0.02 mg/ml, what is the volume of the compartment?

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) given the following values: Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) = 25 mm Hg, Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pif) = -5 mm Hg, Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Πp) = 28 mm Hg, and Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (Πif) = 10 mm Hg.

According to Table 16-1, which lists the relative permeability of skeletal muscle capillary pores, what is the permeability of urea relative to water?

What is the primary force that normally prevents significant loss of fluid volume from the blood into the interstitial spaces?