Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”

What is the primary definition of physiology as a science?

According to the text, what is the approximate number of human cells in the entire body?

Who introduced the term 'milieu intérieur' to describe the extracellular fluid, also known as the internal environment?

Which of the following accurately describes the composition of extracellular fluid compared to intracellular fluid?

What is the term coined by Walter Cannon to describe the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment?

Which organ system is primarily responsible for removing metabolic end products like urea and uric acid, as well as excess ions and water?

Most control systems in the body operate via which type of mechanism?

What is the primary role of hemoglobin in the regulation of oxygen concentration in the tissues?

In the baroreceptor system for regulating arterial blood pressure, what is the direct effect of increased nerve impulses from the baroreceptors to the medulla of the brain?

Based on Table 1-1, what is the normal value for sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid?

A person's arterial pressure control system is tested. Without the control system, a blood transfusion raises the pressure from 100 mm Hg to 175 mm Hg. With the control system functioning, the same transfusion raises the pressure to 125 mm Hg. What is the calculated gain of this negative feedback system?

Which of the following is presented in the chapter as a useful example of positive feedback?

According to the example of positive feedback leading to death, what amount of blood loss was sufficient to initiate a 'vicious cycle' that could not be overcome by negative feedback mechanisms?

What is the normal range for body temperature in degrees Celsius as listed in Table 1-1?

A decrease in which ion concentration to less than one-third of its normal value is likely to cause paralysis due to the inability of nerves to carry signals?

What physiological state is likely to occur if the calcium ion concentration falls below about one-half of its normal value?

What is the term for the study of disordered body function, which serves as the basis for clinical medicine?

What is the approximate percentage of body weight that the skin and its appendages (the integumentary system) comprise?

Which of the following best describes the concept of a 'vicious cycle' in physiology?

How often does blood traverse the entire circulatory circuit when a person is at rest?

What is the normal range for venous pH in the extracellular fluid according to Table 1-1?

Which statement best describes adaptive control as a type of control system?

What is the maximum distance most cells are located from a capillary to ensure rapid diffusion of substances?

Which system provides the 'motility for protection against adverse surroundings' and the ability to obtain food required for nutrition?

What is the primary mechanism by which the lungs regulate the concentration of carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid?

The nervous system and hormonal system work together to control the body. What is the general distinction between their functions described in the chapter?

According to Table 1-1, what is the normal range for potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid?

What is the main purpose of the chapter as stated in the 'Summary—Automaticity of the Body' section?

What does the text describe as the 'reciprocal interplay' that provides continuous automaticity of the body?

An increase in body temperature of only 11 degrees Fahrenheit (7 degrees Celsius) can be lethal because it leads to what?

Which organ system's primary homeostatic function involves distinguishing the body's own cells from harmful foreign cells and destroying invaders?

What is the approximate short-term nonlethal limit for glucose concentration according to Table 1-1?

The text states that in disease states, homeostatic compensations may occur. What is a potential long-term consequence of the compensatory high blood pressure in kidney disease?

What is the final outcome when a functional system loses its ability to contribute its share of function, according to the chapter's summary?

What is the approximate total percentage of the adult human body that is fluid?

Of the total body fluid, what fraction is typically intracellular fluid?

Which component of the nervous system operates at a subconscious level to control internal organs like the heart and gastrointestinal tract?

What is the normal value for venous carbon dioxide concentration in mmHg, according to Table 1-1?

According to the chapter, which of the following is NOT considered a homeostatic function, although it is vital for the continuity of life?

What is the general relationship between microbes (microbiota) and their human hosts as described in the chapter?

What does the gain of the body temperature control system of approximately -33 signify?

The liver changes the chemical compositions of many absorbed substances into more usable forms. What is another key protective function of the liver mentioned in the chapter?

In the example of childbirth, stretching of the cervix leads to stronger uterine contractions, which in turn leads to more cervical stretch. This cycle is an example of what?

What is the normal range for bicarbonate ion concentration in the extracellular fluid as listed in Table 1-1?

How does the chapter define a 'community of microorganisms' that inhabit the body?

The two stages of extracellular fluid transport through the body are movement of blood in vessels and what other process?

What is the lethal limit for blood hydrogen ion concentration (pH) relative to its normal value of 7.4?

Why is the total function of the human body considered more than the sum of its parts?

What is the normal range for glucose in mg/dl as listed in Table 1-1?

When the baroreceptor system is functioning, it causes a 'correction' in arterial pressure. What is the remaining pressure increase called?