Kidney Diseases and Diuretics

According to Table 31-4, which of the following conditions is associated with a normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis?

What is the primary mechanism of action for most clinically used diuretics?

How do osmotic diuretics like mannitol decrease water reabsorption?

Furosemide, a powerful loop diuretic, exerts its effect by blocking which transporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle?

Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide primarily inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in which part of the renal tubule?

What is a predictable disadvantage of using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide as diuretics?

Spironolactone and eplerenone are classified as potassium-sparing diuretics because they block the effects of which hormone?

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) resulting from severe hemorrhage and diminished blood volume is classified into which main category?

What is the most common cause of postrenal Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

Acute glomerulonephritis, a type of intrarenal AKI, is typically caused by what mechanism?

What is the most serious immediate physiological threat to patients with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as the presence of kidney damage or decreased kidney function that persists for at least how long?

According to Table 32-5, what are the two leading causes of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), accounting for more than 70 percent of all cases?

What is the primary cause of anemia in patients with severe Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

The condition of isosthenuria in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) refers to the inability of the kidney to do what?

In the context of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), osteomalacia is caused by a combination of phosphate retention and decreased production of what substance?

What is the primary mechanism of amiloride and triamterene as potassium-sparing diuretics?

At what point does the number of functional nephrons typically have to fall below normal before serious clinical symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) appear?

What is the term for the condition in Chronic Kidney Disease where waste products like urea and creatinine accumulate in the blood?

According to Figure 32-3, by what approximate percentage does the number of functional glomeruli decrease by the age of 80?

What is the defining characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?

What is the primary reason that substances like creatinine accumulate in the body fluids in proportion to the number of destroyed nephrons in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

In a patient with a 75 percent loss of functional nephrons, how must each surviving nephron adapt to maintain sodium and volume balance according to Table 32-6?

Which specific tubular disorder is characterized by a failure of the kidneys to reabsorb glucose despite normal blood glucose levels?

What is the underlying genetic defect in Liddle syndrome?

In the context of dialysis, why is there no phosphate, urea, or creatinine in the dialyzing fluid?

What is the primary reason the effect of most diuretics on salt and water output subsides within a few days?

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to polyuria because the excess filtered glucose acts as what type of diuretic?

What is the term for total cessation of urine output that can occur if renal blood flow is markedly reduced?

What is tubular necrosis, a cause of intrarenal acute renal failure?

In a patient with complete anuria from severe AKI, death will occur in approximately how many days unless kidney function is restored or dialysis is used?

What is the term for the 'vicious cycle' where an initial kidney injury leads to progressive deterioration and further nephron loss, ultimately terminating in end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

What is the most important risk factor for the two main causes of ESRD, diabetes and hypertension?

The condition where bacterial infection of the renal interstitium and renal pelvis occurs, often originating from the lower urinary tract, is known as what?

According to the text, a child with minimal-change nephropathy can lose as much as 40 grams of plasma protein into the urine each day, leading to a fall in colloid osmotic pressure from a normal of 28 mm Hg to what level?

Why do patients with CKD develop uremia?

Which genetic disorder results in a failure of the kidneys to reabsorb phosphate, leading to a form of rickets that is refractory to vitamin D therapy?

Bartter syndrome is a rare kidney disorder caused by mutations that impair the function of which specific transporter?

What is the primary purpose of adding heparin to the blood during dialysis with an artificial kidney?

Under acute conditions, what is the maximum urine output that a loop diuretic can cause, relative to normal?

In a patient with Chronic Kidney Disease, how are plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride ions typically maintained even with severe decreases in GFR?

What is pyelonephritis primarily characterized by?

What is the primary mechanism through which loop diuretics impair the kidney's ability to concentrate urine?

In a case of acute renal failure due to tubular necrosis, what happens if the basement membrane of the tubule remains intact?

Which condition must be ruled out before diagnosing renal glycosuria, a relatively benign condition?

The total cardiac output is supplied to the kidneys by approximately what percentage?

In a patient with prerenal AKI, how far can renal blood flow fall below normal before the AKI is no longer easily reversible?

What is the primary mechanism of action of acetazolamide as a diuretic?

According to the text, what percentage of adults in the United States in 2018 were estimated to have chronic kidney disease?

Gitelman syndrome is an autosomal-recessive disorder of which specific transporter in the distal tubules?