Energetics and Metabolic Rate

When measured in terms of strength per square centimeter of cross-sectional area, what is the maximal force of contraction a female muscle can achieve compared to a male muscle?

How much larger are the muscles of a male with a normal testosterone level who engages in minimal sports activity compared to a comparable female without testosterone?

What is the maximal contractile force of a muscle per square centimeter of its cross-sectional area?

How is muscle power generally measured?

For the first 8 to 10 seconds of muscle activity, what is the maximal power achievable by all the muscles in a highly trained athlete working together?

Which type of diet is shown to enhance muscle endurance the most, as measured by the time an athlete can sustain a race until exhaustion?

What is the approximate amount of glycogen stored in the muscle (g/kg Muscle) of an athlete on a high-carbohydrate diet before a race?

What is the direct source of energy used to cause muscle contraction?

How many calories of energy per mole of ATP are released when one phosphate radical is removed under standard conditions?

For how long can the amount of ATP present in the muscles of a well-trained athlete sustain maximal muscle power?

What two substances together constitute the phosphagen energy system?

How long can the phosphagen energy system provide maximal muscle power?

Under what condition is most of the pyruvic acid converted into lactic acid during glucose metabolism in muscles?

How much faster can the glycogen-lactic acid system form ATP molecules compared to the oxidative mechanism of mitochondria?

What is the relative maximal rate of power generation for the phosphagen system, in terms of moles of ATP per minute?

Which energy system is primarily used for a 400-meter dash?

Which energy system is used for a marathon run of 42.2 kilometers?

The body normally contains about 2 liters of stored oxygen. How much of this is combined with hemoglobin in the blood?

What is the approximate total amount of extra oxygen that must be 'repaid' after heavy exercise, also known as the oxygen debt?

In the context of oxygen debt, what is the approximate volume of the lactic acid oxygen debt?

Following exhaustive exercise, how long does it take for full recovery of muscle glycogen in a person on a high-carbohydrate diet?

At the point of exhaustion in a prolonged endurance event, what percentage of energy is being derived from fats rather than carbohydrates?

What is the principle for developing muscle strength rapidly through training?

Which of the following is NOT a typical change that occurs inside hypertrophied muscle fibers?

What is a key characteristic of slow-twitch muscle fibers compared to fast-twitch fibers?

What is the typical percentage of slow-twitch fibers in the quadriceps muscles of a marathoner?

What is the normal oxygen consumption for a young man at rest?

What is the average maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max) for a male marathon runner?

What is the relationship between maximal breathing capacity and the actual pulmonary ventilation during maximal exercise for a normal young man?

In a study of subjects undergoing athletic training for 7 to 13 weeks, what was the approximate increase in Vo2max?

What is the measured oxygen-diffusing capacity for a nonathlete at rest?

What is the measured oxygen-diffusing capacity for an oarsman during maximal exercise?

Which of the following is NOT a described effect of smoking that can decrease an athlete's 'wind'?

What is the approximate maximal increase in muscle blood flow that can occur during the most strenuous exercise?

What is the typical cardiac output in a young man at rest?

What is the maximal cardiac output during exercise in an average male marathoner?

By what percentage do the heart chambers and heart mass of marathoners typically enlarge compared to untrained individuals?

What is a typical resting heart rate for a marathoner?

What is a typical maximal heart rate for a marathoner during exercise?

In a marathon runner increasing cardiac output from resting to 30 L/min, by what percentage does the stroke volume increase?

Which physiological system is normally more limiting on Vo2max during maximal exercise?

At what body temperature does the condition of heatstroke, characterized by symptoms like weakness, headache, and dizziness, typically develop?

A decrease in body weight by what percentage due to sweat loss can significantly diminish a person's athletic performance?

What is the primary reason that salt supplements are only rarely needed for an acclimatized athlete during athletic events?

In one experiment involving a marathon runner, what was the effect of judicious use of caffeine on running time?

What is one of the cardiovascular risks associated with the use of anabolic steroids by athletes?

Between the ages of 50 and 70, how much lower is the mortality rate in the most fit people compared to the least fit?

How does body fitness contribute to reducing cardiovascular disease?

How does the holding strength of a muscle compare to its contractile strength?

What is the maximal efficiency for the conversion of nutrient energy into muscle work under the best of conditions?