Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction

What is the approximate total number of different proteins produced by the various cell types in humans, considering that RNA molecules can be processed in more than one way?

Which three basic chemical compounds are involved in the formation of DNA?

What is the term for the successive triplets of bases in the genetic code that control the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule?

What is the name of the process where the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus is transferred to an RNA molecule?

Which pyrimidine base is used in RNA in place of thymine, which is found in DNA?

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

What is the total number of high-energy phosphate bonds from ATP that are used for each amino acid added to a protein chain during synthesis?

What is the name of the sequence of bases in a gene's promoter, typically 'TATAAA', that serves as a key binding site for transcription factors?

During which phase of the cell life cycle does the duplication of all DNA in the chromosomes occur?

What is the typical duration for the completion of DNA duplication before mitosis begins?

Which enzyme is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to form a single unified DNA strand during replication?

What is the process called where special enzymes cut out defective areas of DNA and replace them with appropriate nucleotides after replication but before mitosis?

What is the term for the duplicated but still attached chromosomes that are held together at the centromere before mitosis?

During which stage of mitosis do the two asters of the mitotic apparatus get pushed farther apart, and the chromatids are pulled to the center of the cell to form the equatorial plate?

What is the role of telomeres in cell reproduction?

What is the process of programmed cell death, involving a specific proteolytic cascade, called?

What family of proteases is activated to initiate the process of apoptosis?

What is the term for normal genes that code for proteins controlling cell adhesion, growth, and division, but can cause cancer if mutated or excessively activated?

According to the text, which carcinogens are responsible for the greatest number of cancer deaths?

What is the primary function of MicroRNAs (miRNAs)?

What is the term for the process where introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined together?

What are clusters of 3 to 10 ribosomes attached to a single mRNA molecule at the same time called?

What type of chemical bond holds the two strands of the DNA helix together between the purine and pyrimidine bases?

What is the function of the enzyme peptidyl transferase in protein synthesis?

How many chromosomes are contained in a normal human cell?

What is the primary role of histone proteins in the nucleus?

Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the pulling apart of the two chromatids of each chromosome at the centromere?

What is the enzyme telomerase known for doing in certain cells like stem cells?

Cell differentiation in an embryo is believed to result primarily from what process?

How does an RNA virus, such as some oncoviruses, lead to cancer in an animal cell?

What is one of the key differences that distinguishes a cancer cell from a normal cell, regarding cell adhesion?

What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing an RNA molecule using a DNA strand as a template?

In the process of DNA replication, what is the role of the enzyme topoisomerase?

What term describes the process of forming a new cell having almost exactly the same structure as its progenitor?

What is the result of enzyme inhibition by a synthesized product on the first enzyme in a metabolic pathway?

What is the composition of the contractile ring that pinches a cell in two during telophase?

What happens to the mean electrical axis of the heart when a person lies down?

The process of a cell splitting into two new cells is called what?

What is the primary reason that a cardiac myocyte contains the same genetic code as a renal tubular epithelial cell, yet the two cells perform specialized, different functions?

How many amino acids are commonly found in protein molecules?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer cells described in the text?

What is the function of small nuclear RNA (snRNA)?

During DNA replication, which strand is synthesized discontinuously in short pieces known as Okazaki fragments?

What is the typical resting membrane potential of a sinus nodal fiber, as compared to a ventricular muscle fiber?

The bond that links successive amino acids together in a protein chain is called a what?

What is the approximate duration of the life cycle for a highly stimulated mammalian bone marrow cell?

What is the term for a gene sequence that provides a barrier, isolating a specific gene from the transcriptional influences of surrounding genes?

How many genes are estimated to exist in the human body that code for proteins?

What is the primary way that cell activities are controlled through enzyme regulation?