Motives and Goals

What is the term for the cognitive representation of a desired state, or a mental idea of how one would like things to turn out?

Motivation that stems from the benefits associated with the process of pursuing a goal, such as having a fulfilling experience, is known as what?

According to the chapter, what two factors determine a person's commitment to a goal?

What is the term for the activation of a goal following exposure to cues in the immediate environment, such as images or words?

In the study by Balcetis and Dunning (2006), what was the finding regarding participants viewing the ambiguous figure 'I3'?

Which phase of self-regulation is characterized by a mindset conducive to immediate action, often leading to closed-mindedness and unrealistically positive expectations about the chosen goal?

A self-regulatory orientation that emphasizes safety, responsibility, and security needs, and views goals as 'oughts' is called what?

According to the cybernetic process of self-regulation, what is the likely outcome when an individual experiences a higher-than-expected rate of closing the discrepancy between their current state and their goal?

When people interpret their previous goal-related actions as a sign of progress, what are they more likely to do next?

What is the term for the capacity to control impulses, emotions, desires, and actions in order to resist a temptation and protect a valued goal?

In Mischel's famous 'marshmallow test,' what future outcome was associated with preschoolers who were able to wait longer for a better treat?

What does the term 'ego-depletion' refer to?

In the study by Baumeister et al. (1998), what was the outcome for participants who forced themselves to eat radishes instead of tempting chocolates?

According to the chapter, when are people more likely to identify a self-control conflict and exercise self-control?

Leaving one's credit card at home before going to the mall is an example of which type of self-control strategy?

What is the difference between self-regulation and self-control as described in the chapter?

A student who works hard to get good grades, which will help them land a good job, is driven by what kind of motivation?

What is the term for the pursuit of a goal that occurs outside a person's awareness, where they may not even realize they are pursuing it?

In the study by Ferguson & Bargh (2004), how did people with the goal of quenching their thirst evaluate a glass of water compared to a pencil?

What is a characteristic of the deliberative phase of self-regulation?

A person who saves money because they want to have extra funds to do new and fun activities is operating under which self-regulatory focus?

According to the cybernetic process of self-regulation, what feelings are elicited by a lower-than-expected rate of closing the gap on a goal?

If a person interprets buying a sale item as a sign of their commitment to the goal of saving money, what is their likely subsequent behavior?

In Mischel's marshmallow experiments, preschoolers (aged 3–5 years old) were given a choice between a smaller treat immediately or waiting for a better one. How many marshmallows were typically offered as the 'better' treat?

What is considered an often overlooked prerequisite for the successful exercise of self-control?

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive self-control process aimed at counteracting temptation?

What is the term for the activities and objects that help a person attain a goal?

What happens to the motivation to act on a goal soon after goal priming?

In what way can scrutiny of one's choices during the deliberative phase sometimes hinder action?

A promotion focus leads to the adoption of which type of strategy?

What factor can influence whether a person interprets their past actions as a sign of progress rather than commitment?

According to the chapter, self-control is like a muscle in what way?

What is the key process involved in the deliberative phase of self-regulation?

Exercising to avoid potential problems like health threats is an example of behavior driven by what?

What is the term for a desired end state of a goal that is abstract and represents a state that is never fully completed?

How do people often learn about their own preferences and commitment to a goal, according to the chapter?

In the context of self-regulation, the cybernetic process involves a person acting to close the gap between what two states?

In Mischel, Shoda, and Rodriguez's (1989) work, the persistent capacity to postpone immediate gratification for future interests is associated with what?

Exerting self-control in one domain (e.g., resisting a donut) can reduce an individual's capacity to exert self-control in a different domain (e.g., being financially responsible). This demonstrates what principle?

Why do individuals often fail to identify self-control conflicts in everyday life?

Which of the following describes the strategy associated with a prevention focus?

What is the key difference between the 'highlighting a goal' and 'balancing between goals' frameworks?

In the study where participants who saw achievement-related words performed better on a subsequent test, what was a key finding about their awareness?

How is commitment defined in the vocabulary section of the chapter?

What are 'means' in the context of goal pursuit?

Which of these is NOT a behavioral strategy for counteracting temptation mentioned in the chapter?

The phase of self-regulation where one plans specific actions to achieve a chosen goal is the:

Self-control is described as a process of self-regulation specifically in contexts involving what?

What concept from goal pursuit research explains why seeing an ad for running shoes might activate your goal to stay physically fit?

In the Baumeister et al. (1998) study, the group that ate radishes instead of chocolates demonstrated ego-depletion by giving up sooner on what kind of task?