Culture and Emotion

In the historical debate on emotion, what did the 'universalist' camp claim about human feelings?

What is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), developed by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen?

In Ekman's cross-cultural studies on facial expressions, what percentage of U.S. participants associated a smile with 'happiness'?

According to Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory, what is the dominant model of the self in North American contexts?

In the study by Tsai et al. (2002) where European American and Hmong American participants relived emotional episodes, what was the key finding regarding their physiological and facial responses?

What is the relationship between emotional suppression and psychological well-being for European Americans, according to the research by Soto and colleagues (2011)?

Compared to people in North American contexts, people in East Asian contexts are more likely to feel what kind of emotions during positive events?

What type of positive affective states do people in North American contexts generally prefer, according to the chapter?

The preference for high arousal positive states in North American contexts is linked to which cultural model of the self?

In the study by Kwan, Bond, and Singelis (1997), how did the weighting of self-esteem and relationship harmony differ for European Americans and Hong Kong Chinese in determining life satisfaction?

In a study of 39 nations by Oishi and colleagues (1999), what was the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction in individualistic nations versus collectivistic ones?

According to the chapter, why might Asian Americans be perceived as 'cold' or 'unfriendly' in North American settings?

Affect Valuation Theory proposes that cultural factors shape one aspect of emotion more than temperamental factors, and vice versa. Which statement accurately reflects this theory?

What did a study on bestselling children's storybooks in the United States and Taiwan find regarding emotional content?

What concept refers to rules about what emotions are appropriate to show in a given situation?

The social constructivist camp in the 1950s and 1960s argued that people's emotions are culturally variable because:

In the Twenty Statements Test study by Cousins (1989), how did the responses of U.S. and Japanese participants differ?

What does an interdependent model of self, common in East Asian contexts, teach people to do in social interactions?

In research on clinical depression, how did the emotional responses of depressed European Americans differ from those of depressed East Asian Americans?

What is the two-dimensional map of affective states based on?

Studies have found that cultural differences in ideal affect, such as preferring excitement versus calm, have been observed in children as young as what age range?

How do people in North American contexts and Hong Kong Chinese differ in how they define well-being, according to the chapter?

In collectivistic cultures, life satisfaction tends to be based on a balance between which two factors?

What is the term for a model of the self as distinct from others and stable across different situations, prevalent in Western contexts?

Recent research since the mid-2000s has shown that when perceiving others' emotions, people from Japan tend to focus more on the ______, while people from the United States tend to focus more on the ______.

The feeling of 'excitement' would be classified as what type of affective state on the two-dimensional map?

What is the primary goal of the interdependent self, a model prevalent in many collectivistic, East Asian contexts?

The idea that biting one's tongue signals embarrassment in India but has no such meaning in the U.S. is an example of what concept?

What is the term for shared, socially transmitted ideas like values and beliefs that are reflected in institutions and products?

The research finding that depressed European Americans show muted responses, which resemble suppression, aligns with the idea that in their cultural context, suppression is associated with what?

Why are people in East Asian contexts thought to be more tolerant of experiencing mixed emotions during positive events?

The feeling of 'calm' would be classified as what type of affective state on the two-dimensional map?

According to Affect Valuation Theory, when researchers examined actual affect (how people actually feel), they found it was more strongly associated with which factor?

What was the outcome of the experiment where preschoolers were read stories with either exciting or calm content?

The chapter's vocabulary defines 'Universalism' as the proposition that:

In Ekman's research, the considerable variability found across cultures in emotion recognition rates was interpreted as demonstrating cultural differences in what?

Which of the following is NOT a component of emotional response that studies in this field tend to focus on?

The chapter suggests that today, most scholars agree that emotions are multifaceted and that cultural similarities and differences exist for each facet. This view moves beyond what traditional dichotomy?

What reason does the chapter give for the focus on North American and East Asian contexts in social science research on culture and emotion?

In studies of ideal affect, what has been found about the relationship between experiencing low arousal positive states and depression among Hong Kong Chinese?

Which statement best describes the social constructivist view on emotions, according to the chapter?

An independent model of self teaches people to change their environments to be consistent with their own beliefs and desires. This is contrasted with the interdependent model, which teaches people to:

According to the chapter, why is emotional suppression for Hong Kong Chinese not associated with depression or lower life satisfaction?

What type of recreational activities do people from North American contexts tend to prefer, consistent with their ideal affect?

The feeling of being 'relaxed' is an example of what kind of ideal affect that is more valued in East Asian contexts?

An alternative explanation for cultural differences in emotion mentioned in the chapter is that they are due to biological predispositions to respond in certain ways. What is this factor called?

In the comparison of cultural products, what difference was found between American and Chinese contexts regarding smiles on Facebook profiles?

What does 'actual affect' refer to, as defined in the chapter's vocabulary?

The 'hydraulic models of emotion' underlying some Western psychological theories assume that emotional suppression and repression have what effect?

The chapter concludes that recognizing cultural similarities and differences in emotion may provide insights into other paths to psychological health. What example is given?