Self and Identity

According to William James's framework, what happens when the 'I' reflects back upon the 'Me'?

At approximately what age does the sense of self as a social actor begin to emerge?

Which concept, proposed by George Herbert Mead, suggests that we come to know ourselves by observing how others react to our performances?

According to developmental research, what is the key cognitive achievement that occurs for most children by the age of 4, allowing them to understand that behavior is motivated by inner desires and goals?

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality trait domains mentioned in the text?

The developmental period known as the 'age 5-to-7 shift' is primarily associated with the emergence of the self as what?

What is the term for an internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the past and anticipates the future to provide life with unity, meaning, and purpose?

According to the chapter, what ability, which typically emerges in adolescence, allows a narrator to derive substantive conclusions about the self from analyzing personal experiences?

The text highlights a particular type of narrative prominent in American culture that tracks a move from suffering to an enhanced status. What is this narrative called?

Erikson's developmental challenge of 'identity' is most closely associated with which two stages of the self?

What did philosopher Charles Taylor describe as a 'reflexive project'?

By the time children reach their second birthday, what key ability related to the 'social actor' have most of them developed?

Which of the following emotions is NOT listed as a 'social emotion' that emerges in the second year of life?

How does a 4-year-old's self-description typically differ from that of a 10-year-old?

What makes self-improvement efforts aimed at changing broad personality traits, like neuroticism, particularly difficult?

Which psychological perspective is NOT listed as one that prioritizes the motivational qualities of human behavior, such as inner needs, wants, and goals?

What does the chapter suggest is 'perhaps the greatest achievement for the self as motivated agent'?

According to Erikson's view on identity, identity achievement is typically seen as:

In his analysis of Martin Luther, what did Erikson say a young adult must do to form an identity?

By what age are children typically able to tell well-formed stories about personal events in their lives?

What does the process of creating and refining a narrative identity primarily involve?

Research has shown that American adults with high levels of mental health and civic engagement often construct their lives as what type of narrative?

What is a potential downside of the redemptive narratives that are popular in American culture?

The chapter's conclusion states that to 'know thyself' in mature adulthood is to do three things. Which of the following is NOT one of those three things?

In the vocabulary section, how is the 'Ego' as conceived by Sigmund Freud described?

The term 'social reputation' refers to:

What is the primary evolutionary reason proposed for why humans evolved to be 'profoundly social'?

Freud's term 'ego' is described as being akin to which concept from William James?

What is the primary focus when one tries to change their values or life goals?

The development of a mature identity in young adulthood, as described by Erikson, primarily involves the I's ability to do what?

Which of the three perspectives on the self gradually emerges in the adolescent and early-adult years and is layered over the other two?

What provides the 'menu of favored plot lines, themes, and character types' for the construction of narrative identity?

What is the term for the fundamental property of human selfhood that the self reflects back upon itself?

A child's increasing ability to be 'purposeful, planful, and goal-directed' is a key feature of which developmental phase?

In William James's model, the 'Me' is best described as:

The text explains that if you try to become a better son or daughter, you are primarily working on which aspect of the self?

The success or failure that the motivated agent experiences in pursuit of valued goals is described as a strong determinant of what?

What is the key difference between the self as social actor and the self as motivated agent?

Which theorist argued that experiences of trust in the first year of life help consolidate the autonomy of the ego in the second year?

By late childhood and early adolescence, the personality traits people attribute to themselves tend to conform to what well-established taxonomy?

In the context of the autobiographical author, storytelling is described as potentially being the most powerful form of what?

The chapter presents three broad psychological categories into which most efforts to improve the self fall. What are they?

According to the chapter, why is it evolutionarily sensible for the human 'I' to first apprehend the 'Me' as a social actor?

How do children's descriptions of themselves at age 10 differ from their descriptions at age 4?

What are the two main currencies of the self as social actor?

The feeling of pride when winning others' approval and shame when failing in their presence are examples of what?

According to the chapter, why can we not infer a person's motivations from their traits or roles as a social actor?

An infant at 1 year of age showing a preference for observing and imitating goal-directed behavior is an early sign of being what?

The process of a teenager explaining how her childhood experiences shaped her vocational choice to become a marriage counselor is an example of what?

What does the chapter suggest is a limitation of redemptive stories in cultures that may espouse different values from American culture?