Memory (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval)

Which term refers to the initial experience of perceiving and learning information?

What are the three necessary stages in the learning and memory process as distinguished by psychologists?

Which type of memory is defined as the ability to remember the episodes of our lives?

What key attribute to remembering events is described as having an event stand out as quite different from a background of similar events?

In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect experiment involving a list of words like 'door, glass, pane,' what percentage of participants falsely recognized the related but unpresented word 'window'?

Which researchers originally coined the term 'flashbulb memory' to describe the vivid memory of finding out about an important piece of news?

What is the term for the process of taking information from the form it is delivered to us and then converting it in a way that we can make sense of it, such as using the acronym ROY G BIV for the colors of a rainbow?

What term, synonymous with 'memory trace,' do psychologists and neurobiologists use to refer to the physical change in the nervous system that represents our experience?

The idea that when we remember past events, we reconstruct them with the aid of our memory traces and our current beliefs, rather than simply 'reading out' a faithful record, aligns with which concept of memory?

What type of interference occurs when new activities during the retention interval interfere with the retrieval of an older, specific memory?

Whose research on eyewitness memory demonstrates how a memory for an event can be altered by misinformation provided during the retention interval, representing a form of retroactive interference?

According to the research by Miller (1956) mentioned in the introduction, what is the approximate normal memory span for adults?

As distinguished by Tulving & Pearlstone (1966), what is the term for all information that is stored in memory, regardless of whether it can be retrieved at a particular moment?

Which principle, proposed by Tulving & Thomson (1973), states that to the extent a retrieval cue matches or overlaps the memory trace of an experience, it will be effective in evoking the memory?

The classic 1975 experiment by Godden & Baddeley, where participants memorized words either on land or underwater, demonstrated which memory principle?

What does the cue overload principle, as described by Watkins (1975), suggest about retrieval cues?

What is the name for the phenomenon where the act of retrieving a fact, concept, or event makes that retrieved memory much more likely to be retrieved again?

What is the phenomenon called when retrieving some information causes us to forget other information related to it?

Whose famous childhood memory of a kidnapping attempt, which was later revealed to be a story his nurse had fabricated, is cited as a case of pure reconstructive memory?

What is the fundamental idea behind the peg word technique for memorization?

What is the world record time achieved by memory athlete Simon Reinhard for the 'speed cards' event, which involves memorizing the precise order of a shuffled deck of cards?

Which type of memory is described as our storehouse of more-or-less permanent knowledge, such as the meaning of the word 'parasol' or the number of countries in the world?

If you see a person who resembles someone you met at a party and you call them by the name of the person from the party, what specific type of memory error are you committing?

Creating vivid images from information, even verbal information, is a recoding strategy that primarily enhances which stage of the memory process?

What is a primary explanation offered in the text for the DRM effect, where participants falsely remember hearing a word like 'window' after listening to a related list of words?

What are pragmatic inferences in the context of memory?

What is the name for the process that occurs after learning that involves the neural changes needed to create and stabilize a memory trace or engram?

What is proactive interference?

Psychologists use production tests and recognition tests to measure memory. Which of the following is an example of a production test?

The phenomenon known as 'recognition failure of recallable words,' where a person can fail to recognize a target but later recall it with a different cue, is explained by what principle?

What does Jean Piaget's childhood memory of an attempted kidnapping, later found to be false, illustrate about the nature of memory?

To maximize retrieval effectiveness, what two critical conditions should retrieval cues meet?

In the peg word technique list provided in the text, what is the peg word association for the number 14?

What is the term for a memory for an event that never actually occurred and has been implanted by experimental manipulation or other means?

What type of memory refers to the shared knowledge and recollections within a group, such as a family, community, or nation?

According to research by Talarico & Rubin (2003) on flashbulb memories, what is the primary finding regarding people's confidence in these memories versus their objective accuracy?

What is the key difference described in the text between how one would remember a routine walk across campus versus a walk where they saw a giraffe?

Using the acronym ROY G BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow is presented as an example of what process that is always involved in encoding?

In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) word-list experiment, what was the approximate recognition accuracy for words that were actually studied (e.g., 'door,' 'pane')?

In Brewer's (1977) study, participants heard the sentence 'The karate champion hit the cinder block' but later tended to remember it as 'The karate champion broke the cinder block.' This demonstrates the creation of false memories from what?

The text states that 'memory traces are not perfect little packets of information that lie dormant in the brain.' This view supports the concept that remembering is what kind of process?

How does the act of retrieval itself, according to the chapter, affect the information stored in memory?

What is the general term for a memory aid or trick, such as the peg word technique or the method of loci?

How does memory athlete Simon Reinhard use the 'memory palace' technique to memorize vast numbers of digits?

The text describes two main types of memory errors that can occur. One is forgetting. What is the other?

Which variety of memory is described as the ability to hold information briefly in mind while actively working with it, for example when multiplying two numbers without using paper?

Relating new events to information you already know is a study strategy that helps form associations for later retrieval. This strategy primarily improves which stage of memory?

The chapter describes that experiences leave memory traces, or engrams, through a process that stabilizes them. What is this process called?

In the example of recognition failure, a participant fails to recognize the surname 'Shaw' as a famous author but later recalls it when given the cue 'George Bernard ____'. Which principle best explains why the second cue works better?

What is Simon Reinhard's record in the 'forward digit span' task, as mentioned in the chapter's introduction?